Bibliografía
Toda la bibliografía del facsímil, en APA 7
Las referencias de la sección «Para saber más» de cada capítulo, reunidas, ordenadas alfabéticamente y sin repeticiones: 932 obras en APA 7. Descárgalas en formato BibTeX para tu gestor de referencias (Zotero, Mendeley, LaTeX) o guarda esta página en PDF.
A
- A2A Protocol. (2026). Agent2Agent (A2A) Protocol. https://a2a-protocol.org/latest/
- A2A Protocol. (2026). Overview specification. https://a2a-protocol.org/latest/specification/
- Adebayo, J., Gilmer, J., Muelly, M., Goodfellow, I., Hardt, M. y Kim, B. (2018). Sanity Checks for Saliency Maps. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2018/hash/294a8ed24b1ad22ec2e7efea049b8737-Abstract.html
- Agarwal, A., Beygelzimer, A., Dudík, M., Langford, J. y Wallach, H. (2018). A Reductions Approach to Fair Classification. ICML, 60-69. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/agarwal18a.html
- Agencia Española de Protección de Datos. (2023). Evaluación del riesgo que un tratamiento de datos personales puede suponer para los derechos y libertades de las personas. https://www.aepd.es/derechos-y-deberes/cumple-tus-deberes/medidas-de-cumplimiento/evaluacion-del-riesgo-que-un
- Agencia Española de Protección de Datos. (2026). Evalúa-Riesgo RGPD. https://evalua-riesgo.aepd.es/
- Agent2Agent Protocol. (2026). Specification. https://google-a2a.github.io/A2A/specification/
- Ainslie, J. y otros (2023). GQA: Training generalized multi-query Transformer models from multi-head checkpoints. Proceedings of EMNLP. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13245
- Akidau, T., Bradshaw, R., Chambers, C., Chernyak, S., Fernández-Moctezuma, R. J., Lax, R., McVeety, S., Mills, D., Perry, F., Schmidt, E. y Whittle, S. (2015). The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 8(12), 1792-1803. https://doi.org/10.14778/2824032.2824076
- Alammar, J. (2018). The Illustrated Transformer. https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/
- Alayrac, J.-B. y otros (2022). Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 23716-23736. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.14198
- Alchourrón, C. E., Gärdenfors, P. y Makinson, D. (1985). On the logic of theory change: Partial meet contraction and revision functions. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 50(2), 510-530. https://doi.org/10.2307/2274239
- Altman, E. (1999). Constrained Markov Decision Processes. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Amazon Bedrock pricing. https://aws.amazon.com/bedrock/pricing/
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Amazon EC2 Pricing. https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Amazon SageMaker Clarify. https://aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/ai/clarify/
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Analyzing Documents - Amazon Textract. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/textract/latest/dg/how-it-works-analyzing.html
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). AWS Health Dashboard: Service health. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/health/latest/ug/aws-health-dashboard-status.html
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Data protection in Amazon Bedrock. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/bedrock/latest/userguide/data-protection.html
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Discovering Sensitive Data with Amazon Macie. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/macie/latest/user/data-classification.html
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Specifications for Amazon EC2 accelerated computing instances. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ec2/latest/instancetypes/ac.html
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Timeouts, retries, and backoff with jitter. AWS Builders Library. https://aws.amazon.com/builders-library/timeouts-retries-and-backoff-with-jitter/
- Amazon Web Services. (2026). Troubleshooting Amazon Bedrock API Error Codes. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/bedrock/latest/userguide/troubleshooting-api-error-codes.html
- American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7.ª ed.). American Psychological Association.
- Amershi, S., Begel, A., Bird, C., DeLine, R., Gall, H., Kamar, E., Nagappan, N., Nushi, B., & Zimmermann, T. (2019). Software Engineering for Machine Learning: A Case Study. 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice, 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEIP.2019.00042
- Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P., Schulman, J., & Mané, D. (2016). Concrete Problems in AI Safety. arXiv:1606.06565. https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06565
- Anderson, J. P. (1972). Computer Security Technology Planning Study (ESD-TR-73-51). U.S. Air Force.
- Angelopoulos, A. N. y Bates, S. (2021). A Gentle Introduction to Conformal Prediction and Distribution-Free Uncertainty Quantification. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.07511
- Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W. y Rubin, D. B. (1996). Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 444-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476902
- Anthropic. (2024). Building Effective Agents. https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/building-effective-agents.
- Anthropic. (2025). Develop tests for LLM applications. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/develop-tests
- Anthropic. (2025). Writing effective tools for agents, with agents. https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/writing-tools-for-agents
- Anthropic. (2026). Agent SDK overview. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/overview
- Anthropic. (2026). API and data retention. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/manage-claude/api-and-data-retention
- Anthropic. (2026). Cache diagnostics. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/cache-diagnostics
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Agent loop. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/agent-loop
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Checkpointing. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/checkpointing
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Cost tracking. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/cost-tracking
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Handle approvals and user input. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/user-input
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Hooks. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/hooks
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Observability with OpenTelemetry. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/observability
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK: Permissions. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/permissions
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Agent SDK quickstart. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/agent-sdk/quickstart
- Anthropic. (2026). Claude Status. https://status.claude.com/
- Anthropic. (2026). Computer use tool. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/agents-and-tools/tool-use/computer-use-tool
- Anthropic. (2026). Context windows. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/context-windows
- Anthropic. (2026). Errors. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/api/errors
- Anthropic. (2026). How Claude remembers your project. https://code.claude.com/docs/en/memory
- Anthropic. (2026). How to implement tool use. https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/agents-and-tools/tool-use/implement-tool-use.
- Anthropic. (2026). List Models. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/api/models/list
- Anthropic. (2026). Manage Claude's memory. https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/claude-code/memory.
- Anthropic. (2026). MCP connector. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/agents-and-tools/mcp-connector
- Anthropic. (2026). Messages API. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/api/messages
- Anthropic. (2026). Mitigate jailbreaks and prompt injections. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/test-and-evaluate/strengthen-guardrails/mitigate-jailbreaks
- Anthropic. (2026). Models overview. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/about-claude/models/overview
- Anthropic. (2026). PDF support. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/pdf-support
- Anthropic. (2026). Pricing. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/about-claude/pricing
- Anthropic. (2026). Prompt caching. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/prompt-caching
- Anthropic. (2026). Prompt engineering overview. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/prompt-engineering/overview
- Anthropic. (2026). Rate limits. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/api/rate-limits
- Anthropic. (2026). Streaming messages. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/streaming
- Anthropic. (2026). Streaming Messages. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/api/streaming
- Anthropic. (2026). Structured outputs. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/structured-outputs
- Anthropic. (2026). Subagents. https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/claude-code/sub-agents.
- Anthropic. (2026). Token counting. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/token-counting
- Anthropic. (2026). Using the Messages API. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/working-with-messages
- Anthropic. (2026). Vision. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/vision
- Anthropic. (2026). Zero Trust for AI Agents: A Security Framework for Deploying Autonomous AI Agents in the Enterprise. https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6889473510b50328dbb70ae6/6a1611a04085d7cd3dadc924_Claude-eBook-Zero-Trust-for-AI-Agents-05182026.pdf
- Apache Airflow. (2026). https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/authoring-and-scheduling/datasets.html
- Apache Airflow. (2026). Core Concepts. https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/core-concepts/
- Apache Arrow. (2026). Apache Arrow Documentation. https://arrow.apache.org/docs/index.html
- Apache Hudi. (2026). Apache Hudi Documentation. https://hudi.apache.org/docs/overview/
- Apache Parquet. (2026). Apache Parquet Documentation. https://parquet.apache.org/docs/
- Ardila, R. y otros (2020). Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.520/
- Arize. (2026). OpenInference. https://arize-ai.github.io/openinference/
- Arize. (2026). Phoenix. https://arize.com/docs/phoenix
- Arize AI. (2026). ML Observability Platform. https://arize.com/capabilities/
- Arize Phoenix. (2026). Evaluate RAG. https://arize.com/docs/phoenix/cookbook/evaluation/evaluate-rag
- Arize Phoenix. (2026). Evaluation concepts. https://arize.com/docs/phoenix/evaluation/concepts-evals/evaluation
- Arize Phoenix. (2026). LLM Evals. https://arize.com/docs/phoenix/evaluation/llm-evals
- Arthur AI. (2020). Product Update - Bias Monitoring v2.1. https://www.arthur.ai/blog/product-update-bias-monitoring-v21
- Asai, A., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Sil, A. y Hajishirzi, H. (2023). Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511
- Auer, P., Cesa-Bianchi, N. y Fischer, P. (2002). Finite-time analysis of the multiarmed bandit problem. Machine Learning, 47, 235-256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013689704352
- Austin, P. C. (2009). Balance Diagnostics for Comparing the Distribution of Baseline Covariates Between Treatment Groups in Propensity-Score Matched Samples. Statistics in Medicine, 28(25), 3083-3107. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3697
- Autio, C., Schwartz, R., Dunietz, J., Jain, S., Stanley, M., Tabassi, E., Hall, P. y Roberts, K. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600-1
- Autio, C., Schwartz, R., Dunietz, J., Jain, S., Stanley, M., Tabassi, E., Hall, P. y Roberts, K. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile. https://www.nist.gov/publications/artificial-intelligence-risk-management-framework-generative-artificial-intelligence
- AWS Labs. (2026). Deequ: Unit Tests for Data. https://github.com/awslabs/deequ
- Axolotl. (2026). Which Fine-Tuning Method Should I Use? https://docs.axolotl.ai/docs/choosing_method.html
B
- Ba, J. L., Kiros, J. R. y Hinton, G. E. (2016). Layer normalization. arXiv:1607.06450. https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06450
- Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D. L., Nardi, D. y Patel-Schneider, P. F. (eds.) (2003). The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
- Baevski, A., Zhou, H., Mohamed, A. y Auli, M. (2020). wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations. NeurIPS. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11477
- Bagdasaryan, E., Hsieh, T.-Y., Nassi, B. y Shmatikov, V. (2023). (Ab)using Images and Sounds for Indirect Instruction Injection in Multi-Modal LLMs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10490
- Bahdanau, D., Cho, K. y Bengio, Y. (2015). Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. En International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473
- Bai, Y., Kadavath, S., Kundu, S., Askell, A., Kernion, J., Jones, A., Chen, A., Goldie, A., Mirhoseini, A., McKinnon, C., Chen, C., Olsson, C., Olah, C., Hernandez, D., Drain, D., Ganguli, D., Li, D., Tran-Johnson, E., Perez, E., ... Kaplan, J. (2022). Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback. arXiv:2212.08073. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073
- Bai, Y. y otros (2022). Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.05862
- Baltrušaitis, T., Ahuja, C. y Morency, L.-P. (2019). Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 41(2), 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2018.2798607
- Baltrušaitis, T., Ahuja, C. y Morency, L. P. (2019). Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy. IEEE TPAMI.
- Bang, H. y Robins, J. M. (2005). Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models. Biometrics, 61(4), 962-973. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x
- Baye, C. A. (2016). Emergency Response. En Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/emergency-response/
- Bayes, T. (1763). An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53, 370-418. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1763.0053
- Baylor, D. y otros (2017). TFX: A TensorFlow-Based Production-Scale Machine Learning Platform. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 1387-1395. https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098021
- Bellamy, R. K. E., Dey, K., Hind, M., Hoffman, S. C., Houde, S., Kannan, K., Lohia, P., Martino, J., Mehta, S., Mojsilovic, A., Nagar, S., Ramamurthy, K. N., Richards, J., Saha, D., Sattigeri, P., Singh, M., Varshney, K. R. y Zhang, Y. (2019). AI Fairness 360: An Extensible Toolkit for Detecting and Mitigating Algorithmic Bias. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 63(4/5), 4:1-4:15. https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2019.2942287
- Bellman, R. (1957). Dynamic programming. Princeton University Press.
- Ben-Zaken, E., Ravfogel, S. y Goldberg, Y. (2022). BitFit: Simple parameter-efficient fine-tuning for transformer-based masked language-models. Proceedings of ACL. https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10199
- Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A. y Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big? En Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610-623). https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
- Bengio, Y., Ducharme, R., Vincent, P. y Janvin, C. (2003). A neural probabilistic language model. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 1137-1155. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume3/bengio03a/bengio03a.pdf
- Benjamini, Y. y Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 57(1), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
- Berners-Lee, T. (2006). Linked Data. https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
- Bertasius, G., Wang, H. y Torresani, L. (2021). Is Space-Time Attention All You Need for Video Understanding? https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.05095
- Bertsekas, D. P. (2012). Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control (Vol. 2, 4.ª ed.). Athena Scientific.
- Beyer, B., Jones, C., Petoff, J. y Murphy, N. R. (eds.). (2016). Handling Overload. En Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/handling-overload/
- Biere, A., Heule, M., van Maaren, H. y Walsh, T. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of satisfiability. IOS Press.
- Bishop, C. M. (2006). Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer.
- Bitol. (2026). Open Data Contract Standard. https://bitol-io.github.io/open-data-contract-standard/latest/
- Blum, A. L. y Furst, M. L. (1997). Fast planning through planning graph analysis. Artificial Intelligence, 90(1-2), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(96)00047-1
- Boardman, A. E., Greenberg, D. H., Vining, A. R. y Weimer, D. L. (2018). Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice (5.ª ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235594
- Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K.-W., Zou, J. Y., Saligrama, V. y Kalai, A. T. (2016). Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29, 4349-4357. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/6228-man-is-to-computer-programmer-as-woman-is-to-homemaker-debiasing-word-embeddings
- Bolya, D., Fu, C.-Y., Dai, X., Sun, P., Hoffman, J. y Feichtenhofer, C. (2023). Token Merging: Your ViT But Faster. ICLR 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.09461
- Bondhugula, U., Hartono, A., Ramanujam, J. y Sadayappan, P. (2008). A practical automatic polyhedral parallelizer and locality optimizer. Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 2008), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1145/1375581.1375595
- Bonet, B. y Geffner, H. (2001). Planning as heuristic search. Artificial Intelligence, 129(1-2), 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(01)00108-4
- Bonet, B. y Geffner, H. (2001). Planning as heuristic search. Artificial Intelligence, 129(1-2), 5-33.
- Bradner, S. (1997). Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. RFC 2119. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119
- Braintrust. (2026). Documentation. https://www.braintrust.dev/docs
- Braintrust. (2026). Evaluate Systematically. https://www.braintrust.dev/docs/evaluate
- Breck, E., Cai, S., Nielsen, E., Salib, M. y Sculley, D. (2017). The ML Test Score: A Rubric for ML Production Readiness and Technical Debt Reduction. IEEE Big Data, 1123-1132. https://research.google/pubs/pub46555/
- Breck, E., Cai, S., Nielsen, E., Salib, M. y Sculley, D. (2017). The ML test score: A rubric for ML production readiness and technical debt reduction. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 1123-1132. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2017.8258038
- Bredin, H. y otros (2019). pyannote.audio: neural building blocks for speaker diarization. https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01255
- Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
- Brewka, G., Dix, J. y Konolige, K. (1997). Nonmonotonic Reasoning: An Overview. CSLI Publications.
- Brier, G. W. (1950). Verification of Forecasts Expressed in Terms of Probability. Monthly Weather Review, 78(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1950)078<0001:VOEPIO>2.0.CO;2
- Broder, A. Z. (1997). On the Resemblance and Containment of Documents. Proceedings. Compression and Complexity of Sequences 1997, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEQUEN.1997.666900
- Brown, L. D., Cai, T. T. y DasGupta, A. (2001). Interval Estimation for a Binomial Proportion. Statistical Science, 16(2), 101-133. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009213286
- Brown, T. B. y otros (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (pp. 1877-1901). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2020/hash/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Abstract.html
- Browne, C. B., Powley, E., Whitehouse, D., Lucas, S. M., Cowling, P. I., Rohlfshagen, P., Tavener, S., Perez, D., Samothrakis, S. y Colton, S. (2012). A survey of Monte Carlo tree search methods. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, 4(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCIAIG.2012.2186810
- Bubeck, S. y Cesa-Bianchi, N. (2012). Regret analysis of stochastic and nonstochastic multi-armed bandit problems. Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 5(1), 1-122. https://doi.org/10.1561/2200000024
- Buch, S., Eyzaguirre, C., Gaidon, A., Wu, J., Fei-Fei, L. y Carlos Niebles, J. (2022). Revisiting the "Video" in Video-Language Understanding. CVPR 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.01720
- Buchanan, B. G. y Shortliffe, E. H. (1984). Rule-based expert systems: The MYCIN experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Addison-Wesley.
- Buolamwini, J. y Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 77-91. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html
- Bycroft, B. (2023). LLM Visualization. https://bbycroft.net/llm
- Bylander, T. (1994). The computational complexity of propositional STRIPS planning. Artificial Intelligence, 69(1-2), 165-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90081-7
C
- Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J. y Narayanan, A. (2017). Semantics Derived Automatically from Language Corpora Contain Human-Like Biases. Science, 356(6334), 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
- Campbell, D. T. y Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Houghton Mifflin.
- Captum. (2026). Model Interpretability for PyTorch. https://captum.ai/
- Card, D. y Krueger, A. B. (1994). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The American Economic Review, 84(4), 772-793. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118030
- Carlini, N. y otros (2021). Extracting training data from large language models. arXiv:2012.07805. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.07805
- Carreira, J. y Zisserman, A. (2017). Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Dataset. https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07750
- Casella, G. y Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical Inference (2.ª ed.). Duxbury.
- CausalML. (2026). CausalML Documentation. https://causalml.readthedocs.io/
- Cedar Policy. (2026). What is Cedar?. https://docs.cedarpolicy.com/
- Center for Chemical Process Safety. (2001). Layer of Protection Analysis: Simplified Process Risk Assessment. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Wiley.
- Center for Data Science and Public Policy. (2026). Aequitas documentation. https://dssg.github.io/aequitas/
- Chapelle, O. y Li, L. (2011). An empirical evaluation of Thompson sampling. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 24. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4321-an-empirical-evaluation-of-thompson-sampling
- Chen, J., Xiao, S., Zhang, P., Luo, K., Lian, D. y Liu, Z. (2024). BGE M3-Embedding: Multi-lingual, multi-functionality, multi-granularity text embeddings through self-knowledge distillation. arXiv:2402.03216. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03216
- Chen, M. y otros (2021). Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code. https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374
- Chen, T. Y., Cheung, S. C. y Yiu, S. M. (1998). Metamorphic testing: A new approach for generating next test cases (Technical Report HKUST-CS98-01). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
- Chen, X. y otros (2023). Symbolic discovery of optimization algorithms. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06675
- Cheng, K. y otros (2024). SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents. ACL 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.10935
- Chernozhukov, V. y otros (2018). Double/Debiased Machine Learning for Treatment and Structural Parameters. The Econometrics Journal, 21(1), C1-C68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12097
- Cho, A., Kim, G. C., Karpekov, A., Helbling, A., Wang, Z. J., Lee, S., Hoover, B. y Chau, D. H. (2025). Transformer Explainer: interactive learning of text-generative models. En Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/35347/37502
- Cho, K., van Merriënboer, B., Gulcehre, C., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H. y Bengio, Y. (2014). Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. En Proceedings of EMNLP (pp. 1724-1734). https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/D14-1179
- Chouldechova, A. (2017). Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments. Big Data, 5(2), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2016.0047
- Chow, S.-C., Shao, J. y Wang, H. (2008). Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research (2.ª ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
- Christiano, P. F., Leike, J., Brown, T. B., Martic, M., Legg, S., & Amodei, D. (2017). Deep Reinforcement Learning from Human Preferences. arXiv:1706.03741. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03741
- Cichonski, P., Millar, T., Grance, T. y Scarfone, K. (2012). Computer Security Incident Handling Guide. NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 2. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-61r2
- Cleanlab. (2026). Cleanlab Documentation. https://docs.cleanlab.ai/
- CleanRL. (2026). CleanRL Documentation. https://docs.cleanrl.dev/
- Cobbe, K. y otros (2021). Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168
- Codd, E. F. (1970). A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. Communications of the ACM, 13(6), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685
- Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
- Cohere. (2025). Announcing Embed Multimodal v4. https://docs.cohere.com/changelog/embed-multimodal-v4
- Cohere. (2026). Introduction to Embeddings at Cohere. https://docs.cohere.com/v2/docs/embeddings
- Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés. (2026). AI system development: CNIL's recommendations to comply with the GDPR. https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-system-development-cnils-recommendations-to-comply-gdpr
- Cook, S. A. (1971). The complexity of theorem-proving procedures. En Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (pp. 151-158). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/800157.805047
- Cormack, G. V., Clarke, C. L. A. y Buettcher, S. (2009). Reciprocal Rank Fusion Outperforms Condorcet and Individual Rank Learning Methods. SIGIR, 758-759. https://doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572114
- Cortes, C. y Vapnik, V. (1995). Support-vector networks. Machine Learning, 20(3), 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018
- Cover, T. M. y Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory (2.ª ed.). Wiley.
- Cox, L. A. (2008). What's Wrong with Risk Matrices? Risk Analysis, 28(2), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01030.x
- Cui, G. y otros (2023). UltraFeedback: Boosting Language Models with High-quality Feedback. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.01377
- CVAT. (2026). CVAT Overview. https://docs.cvat.ai/docs/getting_started/overview/
D
- Dagster. (2026). https://docs.dagster.io/guides/test/asset-checks
- Dagster. (2026). Dagster documentation. https://docs.dagster.io/getting-started
- Dao, T., Fu, D. Y., Ermon, S., Rudra, A. y Ré, C. (2022). FlashAttention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with IO-awareness. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35. https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.14135
- Databricks. (2023). databricks-dolly-15k. https://huggingface.co/datasets/databricks/databricks-dolly-15k
- Databricks. (2026). https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/machine-learning/feature-store/time-series
- Databricks. (2026). Feature tables in Unity Catalog. https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/machine-learning/feature-store/uc/feature-tables-uc
- Datadog. (2026). LLM Observability. https://docs.datadoghq.com/llm_observability/
- DataHub. (2026). DataHub Documentation. https://docs.datahub.com/
- Davis, J. y Goadrich, M. (2006). The relationship between precision-recall and ROC curves. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1145/1143844.1143874
- Davis, M., Logemann, G. y Loveland, D. (1962). A machine program for theorem-proving. Communications of the ACM, 5(7), 394-397. https://doi.org/10.1145/368273.368557
- Dean, J. y Barroso, L. A. (2013). The Tail at Scale. Communications of the ACM, 56(2), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1145/2408776.2408794
- Dechter, R. (2003). Constraint processing. Morgan Kaufmann.
- DeepSeek-AI. (2025). DeepSeek-R1. https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1
- DeepSeek-AI. (2026). deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Pro. https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Pro
- DeepSeek-AI, Guo, D., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Song, J., Wang, P., Zhu, Q., Xu, R., Zhang, R., Ma, S., Bi, X., Zhang, X., Yu, X., Wu, Y., Wu, Z. F., Gou, Z., Shao, Z., Li, Z., Gao, Z., Liu, A., ... Liang, W. (2025). DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:2501.12948. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12948
- Défossez, A., Copet, J., Synnaeve, G. y Adi, Y. (2022). High Fidelity Neural Audio Compression (EnCodec). https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.13438
- Delta Lake. (2026). Delta Lake Documentation. https://docs.delta.io/
- Deng, A., Xu, Y., Kohavi, R. y Walker, T. (2013). Improving the Sensitivity of Online Controlled Experiments by Utilizing Pre-Experiment Data. WSDM, 123-132. https://robotics.stanford.edu/~ronnyk/2013-02CUPEDImprovingSensitivityOfControlledExperiments.pdf
- Deng, M., Wuyts, K., Scandariato, R., Preneel, B. y Joosen, W. (2011). A privacy threat analysis framework: supporting the elicitation and fulfillment of privacy requirements. Requirements Engineering, 16(1), 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-010-0115-7
- Denning, D. E. (1976). A lattice model of secure information flow. Communications of the ACM, 19(5), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1145/360051.360056
- Dettmers, T., Lewis, M., Belkada, Y. y Zettlemoyer, L. (2022). LLM.int8(): 8-bit matrix multiplication for Transformers at scale. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.07339
- Dettmers, T., Pagnoni, A., Holtzman, A. y Zettlemoyer, L. (2023). QLoRA: efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14314
- Dettmers, T. y otros (2022). LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale. https://doi.org/10.52202/068431-2198
- Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K. y Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. En Proceedings of NAACL-HLT (pp. 4171-4186). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423
- DeYoung, J., Jain, S., Rajani, N. F., Lehman, E., Xiong, C., Socher, R. y Wallace, B. C. (2020). ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Models. Proceedings of ACL. https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.408/
- Dixon, L., Li, J., Sorensen, J., Thain, N. y Vasserman, L. (2018). Measuring and Mitigating Unintended Bias in Text Classification. Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, 67-73. https://research.google/pubs/measuring-and-mitigating-unintended-bias-in-text-classification/
- Docker. (2026). docker model run. https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/model/run/
- Docling Project. (2026). Docling documentation. https://docling-project.github.io/docling/
- Domingos, P. (1999). MetaCost: A general method for making classifiers cost-sensitive. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1145/312129.312220
- Donner, A. y Klar, N. (2000). Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold.
- Doshi-Velez, F. y Kim, B. (2017). Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08608
- Dosovitskiy, A., Beyer, L., Kolesnikov, A., Weissenborn, D., Zhai, X., Unterthiner, T., Dehghani, M., Minderer, M., Heigold, G., Gelly, S., Uszkoreit, J. y Houlsby, N. (2021). An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. En International Conference on Learning Representations. https://openreview.net/forum?id=YicbFdNTTy
- Dosovitskiy, A. y otros (2021). An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929
- Dosovitskiy, A. y otros (2021). An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale. ICLR.
- Driess, D. y otros (2023). PaLM-E: An embodied multimodal language model. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03378
- Dubey, A. y otros (2024). The Llama 3 herd of models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783
- DuckDB. (2026). Python API. https://duckdb.org/docs/stable/clients/python/overview
- Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E. y Stork, D. G. (2001). Pattern classification (2.ª ed.). Wiley.
- Dudík, M., Langford, J. y Li, L. (2011). Doubly robust policy evaluation and learning. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1097-1104. https://icml.cc/2011/papers/511_icmlpaper.pdf
- Dung, P. M. (1995). On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games. Artificial Intelligence, 77(2), 321-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00041-X
- DVC. (2026). What is DVC? https://dvc.org/doc/user-guide/what-is-dvc
- Dwork, C. (2006). Differential Privacy. En Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP 2006), LNCS 4052, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/11787006_1
- Dwork, C., Hardt, M., Pitassi, T., Reingold, O. y Zemel, R. (2012). Fairness Through Awareness. Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference, 214-226. https://doi.org/10.1145/2090236.2090255
E
- Edge, D. y otros (2024). From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130
- Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552
- Efron, B. y Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429246593
- EleutherAI. (2026). Language Model Evaluation Harness. https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness
- Elkan, C. (2001). The foundations of cost-sensitive learning. Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 973-978.
- Ellram, L. M. (1995). Total cost of ownership: an analysis approach for purchasing. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 25(8), 4-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600039510099928
- Eppo. (2026). The Eppo Docs. https://docs.geteppo.com/
- Es, S., James, J., Espinosa-Anke, L. y Schockaert, S. (2023). RAGAS: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15217
- Ethayarajh, K., Xu, W., Muennighoff, N., Jurafsky, D., & Kiela, D. (2024). KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization. arXiv:2402.01306. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01306
- European Commission. (2026). AI Act: regulatory framework and application timeline. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai
- European Data Protection Board. (2024). Opinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/opinion-board-art-64/opinion-282024-certain-data-protection-aspects_en
- European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679
- European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
- European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng
- Evidently AI. (2026). Data Drift Documentation. https://docs.evidentlyai.com/metrics/explainer_drift
- Evidently AI. (2026). Evidently Documentation. https://docs.evidentlyai.com/docs/library/overview
- Evidently AI. (2026). Evidently Documentation. https://docs.evidentlyai.com/introduction
- Ewaschuk, R. (2016). Monitoring Distributed Systems. En B. Beyer, C. Jones, J. Petoff y N. R. Murphy (eds.), Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/monitoring-distributed-systems/
F
- Fairlearn. (2026). Assessment: Performing a Fairness Assessment. https://fairlearn.org/main/user_guide/assessment/
- Fairlearn. (2026). Mitigations. https://fairlearn.org/main/user_guide/mitigation/index.html
- Farama Foundation. (2026). Minari Documentation. https://minari.farama.org/
- Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), 861-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
- Faysse, M., Sibille, H., Wu, T., Omrani, B., Viaud, G., Hudelot, C. y Colombo, P. (2024). ColPali: Efficient Document Retrieval with Vision Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.01449
- Faysse, M. y otros (2024). ColPali: Efficient Document Retrieval with Vision Language Models. arXiv.
- Feast. (2026). Feast Documentation. https://docs.feast.dev/
- Feast. (2026). Point-in-time Joins. https://docs.feast.dev/getting-started/concepts/point-in-time-joins
- Fedus, W., Zoph, B. y Shazeer, N. (2022). Switch Transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 23(120), 1-39. https://jmlr.org/papers/v23/21-0998.html
- Fedus, W., Zoph, B. y Shazeer, N. (2022). Switch Transformers: scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 23(120), 1-39. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/v23/21-0998.html
- Feichtenhofer, C., Fan, H., Malik, J. y He, K. (2019). SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition. https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03982
- Ferraiolo, D. F. y Kuhn, D. R. (1992). Role-Based Access Controls. En Proceedings of the 15th National Computer Security Conference (pp. 554-563). https://www.nist.gov/publications/role-based-access-controls
- FFmpeg. (2026). ffmpeg Documentation. https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html
- Fiddler AI. (2026). Fairness. https://docs.fiddler.ai/observability/fairness
- Fielding, R., Nottingham, M. y Reschke, J. (2022). HTTP Semantics (RFC 9110). https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110
- Fikes, R. E. y Nilsson, N. J. (1971). STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artificial Intelligence, 2(3-4), 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5
- Fisher, A., Rudin, C. y Dominici, F. (2019). All Models are Wrong, but Many are Useful: Learning a Variable's Importance by Studying an Entire Class of Prediction Models Simultaneously. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 20(177), 1-81. https://jmlr.org/papers/v20/18-760.html
- Fleiss, J. L. (1971). Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031619
- Forgy, C. L. (1982). Rete: A fast algorithm for the many pattern/many object pattern match problem. Artificial Intelligence, 19(1), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(82)90020-0
- Fowler, M. (2025). Harness Engineering for Coding Agent Users. https://martinfowler.com/articles/harness-engineering.html
- Frantar, E., Ashkboos, S., Hoefler, T. y Alistarh, D. (2022). GPTQ: Accurate post-training quantization for generative pre-trained Transformers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.17323
- Freuder, E. C. (1978). Synthesizing constraint expressions. Communications of the ACM, 21(11), 958-966. https://doi.org/10.1145/359642.359654
- Fu, C. y otros (2024). Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.21075
- Fu, J., Kumar, A., Nachum, O., Tucker, G. y Levine, S. (2020). D4RL: Datasets for deep data-driven reinforcement learning. arXiv:2004.07219. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07219
- Fujimoto, S., Meger, D. y Precup, D. (2019). Off-policy deep reinforcement learning without exploration. Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, 97, 2052-2062. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/fujimoto19a.html
G
- Gama, J., Žliobaitė, I., Bifet, A., Pechenizkiy, M., & Bouchachia, A. (2014). A survey on concept drift adaptation. ACM Computing Surveys, 46(4), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1145/2523813
- Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., & Vlissides, J. (1994). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley.
- Gao, J. y otros (2017). TALL: Temporal Activity Localization via Language Query. https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02101
- Gao, L., Ma, X., Lin, J. y Callan, J. (2022). Precise Zero-Shot Dense Retrieval without Relevance Labels. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10496
- Gao, L. y otros (2020). The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling. https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00027
- Garcez, A. d'Avila, Lamb, L. C. y Gabbay, D. M. (2009). Neural-Symbolic Cognitive Reasoning. Springer.
- Garcez, A. S. d'Avila, Lamb, L. C. y Gabbay, D. M. (2009). Neural-Symbolic Cognitive Reasoning. Springer.
- Garey, M. R. y Johnson, D. S. (1979). Computers and intractability: a guide to the theory of NP-completeness. W. H. Freeman.
- Gebru, T. y otros (2021). Datasheets for Datasets. https://doi.org/10.1145/3458723
- Geifman, Y. y El-Yaniv, R. (2017). Selective Classification for Deep Neural Networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/hash/4a5cfa9281924139db466a8a19291aff-Abstract.html
- Gelfond, M. y Lifschitz, V. (1988). The stable model semantics for logic programming. En Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming (pp. 1070-1080). MIT Press.
- Genesereth, M. R. y Nilsson, N. J. (1987). Logical foundations of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann.
- Ghallab, M., Nau, D. y Traverso, P. (2004). Automated Planning: Theory and Practice. Morgan Kaufmann.
- Giarratano, J. C. y Riley, G. D. (2005). Expert Systems: Principles and Programming (4.ª ed.). Thomson Course Technology.
- Giskard. (2026). Giskard documentation. https://docs.giskard.ai/
- GitHub. (2026). Workflow Syntax for GitHub Actions. https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/workflow-syntax
- Gneiting, T. y Raftery, A. E. (2007). Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(477), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437
- Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. y Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press. https://www.deeplearningbook.org
- Goodhart, C. A. E. (1975). Problems of monetary management: The U.K. experience. Papers in Monetary Economics. Reserve Bank of Australia.
- Goodhart, C. A. E. (1975). Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience. Reserve Bank of Australia. https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/1975/
- Google. (2026). ADK with Agent2Agent (A2A) Protocol. https://adk.dev/a2a/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit. https://adk.dev/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Agents. https://adk.dev/agents/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Evaluate. https://google.github.io/adk-docs/evaluate/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: MCP Tools. https://adk.dev/tools-custom/mcp-tools/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Memory. https://adk.dev/sessions/memory/.
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Route Between Agents. https://adk.dev/agents/routing/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Route Between Models. https://adk.dev/agents/models/routing/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Technical overview. https://adk.dev/get-started/about/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Template Agent Workflows. https://adk.dev/agents/workflow-agents/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Tools. https://adk.dev/tools/
- Google. (2026). Agent Development Kit: Why Evaluate Agents. https://adk.dev/evaluate/
- Google. (2026). Callbacks: Observe, Customize, and Control Agent Behavior. https://adk.dev/callbacks/
- Google. (2026). Context caching. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/caching
- Google. (2026). Document understanding. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/document-processing
- Google. (2026). Gemini API: Embeddings. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/embeddings
- Google. (2026). Gemini API: Models. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/models
- Google. (2026). Gemini API troubleshooting guide. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/troubleshooting
- Google. (2026). Gemini Developer API pricing. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/pricing
- Google. (2026). Gemma 4 model overview. https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/core
- Google. (2026). Image understanding. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/image-understanding
- Google. (2026). Long context. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/long-context
- Google. (2026). Model Context Protocol (MCP). https://adk.dev/mcp/
- Google. (2026). Safety and Security for AI Agents. https://adk.dev/safety/
- Google. (2026). Structured outputs. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/structured-output
- Google. (2026). Text generation. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/text-generation
- Google. (2026). Token counting. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/tokens
- Google AI for Developers. (2026). Gemini Live API overview. https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/live-api
- Google Cloud. (2026). About GPU instances. https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/gpus/about-gpus
- Google Cloud. (2026). Document AI processors and layout parser. https://docs.cloud.google.com/document-ai/docs/processors-list
- Google Cloud. (2026). GPU machine types. https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/gpus
- Google Cloud. (2026). Introduction to feature management. https://docs.cloud.google.com/gemini-enterprise-agent-platform/machine-learning/featurestore
- Google Cloud. (2026). Sensitive Data Protection. https://cloud.google.com/sensitive-data-protection/docs
- Google Cloud. (2026). Vertex AI and zero data retention. https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/data-governance
- Google Cloud. (2026). Vertex AI pricing. https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/pricing
- Google Cloud. (2026). Vertex AI RAG Engine overview. https://docs.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/rag-engine/rag-overview
- Gou, B. y otros (2024). Navigating the Digital World as Humans Do: Universal Visual Grounding for GUI Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05243
- Goyal, R. y otros (2017). The “Something Something” Video Database for Learning and Evaluating Visual Common Sense. https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2017/papers/Goyal_The_Something_Something_ICCV_2017_paper.pdf
- Grafana Labs. (2026). Grafana documentation. https://grafana.com/docs/
- Grafana Labs. (2026). Grafana Loki documentation. https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/
- Grafana Labs. (2026). Grafana Mimir documentation. https://grafana.com/docs/mimir/latest/
- Grafana Labs. (2026). Grafana Tempo documentation. https://grafana.com/docs/tempo/latest/
- Grauman, K. y otros (2022). Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Video. https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.07058
- Graves, A. (2012). Sequence Transduction with Recurrent Neural Networks. https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3711
- Great Expectations. (2026). Expectations Overview. https://docs.greatexpectations.io/docs/cloud/expectations/expectations_overview/
- Greshake, K., Abdelnabi, S., Mishra, S., Endres, C., Holz, T. y Fritz, M. (2023). Not what you've signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection. Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3605764.3623985
- Greshake, K., Abdelnabi, S., Mishra, S., Endres, C., Holz, T. y Fritz, M. (2023). Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173
- GrowthBook. (2026). GrowthBook Documentation. https://docs.growthbook.io/
- Gruber, T. R. (1993). A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2), 199-220. https://doi.org/10.1006/knac.1993.1008
- Gu, A. y Dao, T. (2023). Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752
- Gulati, A. y otros (2020). Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognition. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.08100
- Guo, C., Pleiss, G., Sun, Y. y Weinberger, K. Q. (2017). On calibration of modern neural networks. En Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 1321-1330). PMLR. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/guo17a.html
- Gupta, C. y Ramdas, A. (2021). Top-label Calibration and Multiclass-to-Binary Reductions. Workshop on Uncertainty and Robustness in Deep Learning. https://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~balaji/udl2021/accepted-papers/UDL2021-paper-060.pdf
- Gupta, S., Ulanova, L., Bhardwaj, S., Dmitriev, P., Raff, P. y Fabijan, A. (2018). The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Experimentation Platform. IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-anatomy-of-a-large-scale-experimentation-platform/
H
- Hand, D. J. (2009). Measuring classifier performance: A coherent alternative to the area under the ROC curve. Machine Learning, 77(1), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-009-5119-5
- Haralick, R. M. y Elliott, G. L. (1980). Increasing tree search efficiency for constraint satisfaction problems. Artificial Intelligence, 14(3), 263-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90051-X
- Hardt, M., Price, E. y Srebro, N. (2016). Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29, 3323-3331. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/6374-equality-of-opportunity-in-supervised-learning
- Hardy, N. (1988). The confused deputy (or why capabilities might have been invented). ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 22(4), 36-38. https://doi.org/10.1145/54289.871709
- Hart, P. E., Nilsson, N. J. y Raphael, B. (1968). A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, 4(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136
- Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. y Friedman, J. (2009). The elements of statistical learning (2.ª ed.). Springer. https://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/ElemStatLearn/
- He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. y Sun, J. (2016). Deep residual learning for image recognition. En Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 770-778). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.90
- Heilbron, F. C. y otros (2015). ActivityNet: A Large-Scale Video Benchmark for Human Activity Understanding. https://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_cvpr_2015/html/Heilbron_ActivityNet_A_Large-Scale_2015_CVPR_paper.html
- Helicone. (2026). Documentation. https://docs.helicone.ai/
- Hendrycks, D. y Gimpel, K. (2016). Gaussian error linear units (GELUs). arXiv:1606.08415. https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415
- Hendrycks, D. y otros (2021). Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding. https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300
- Hinton, G., Vinyals, O. y Dean, J. (2015). Distilling the knowledge in a neural network. https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02531
- Ho, J., Jain, A. y Abbeel, P. (2020). Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33, 6840-6851. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2020/file/4c5bcfec8584af0d967f1ab10179ca4b-Abstract.html
- Hochreiter, S. y Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735-1780. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
- Hoffmann, J. y Nebel, B. (2001). The FF planning system: fast plan generation through heuristic search. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 14, 253-302. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.855
- Hoffmann, J. y otros (2022). Training compute-optimal large language models. arXiv:2203.15556. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.15556
- Hogan, A., Blomqvist, E., Cochez, M., d'Amato, C., de Melo, G., Gutierrez, C., Kirrane, S., Gayo, J. E. L., Navigli, R., Neumaier, S., Ngomo, A. C. N., Polleres, A., Rashid, S. M., Rula, A., Schmelzeisen, L., Sequeda, J., Staab, S. y Zimmermann, A. (2021). Knowledge graphs. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3447772
- Hohpe, G. y Woolf, B. (2003). Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions. Addison-Wesley.
- Holland, P. W. (1986). Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396), 945-960. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354
- Holtzman, A., Buys, J., Du, L., Forbes, M. y Choi, Y. (2020). The curious case of neural text degeneration. En International Conference on Learning Representations. https://openreview.net/forum?id=rygGQyrFvH
- Hong, J., Lee, N., & Thorne, J. (2024). ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model. arXiv:2403.07691. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07691
- Hong, W. y otros (2024). CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents. CVPR 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08914
- Horvitz, D. G. y Thompson, D. J. (1952). A Generalization of Sampling Without Replacement From a Finite Universe. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47(260), 663-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483446
- Houlsby, N. y otros (2019). Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP. International Conference on Machine Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00751
- Howard, R. A. (1960). Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes. MIT Press.
- Howard, R. A. (1966). Information Value Theory. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, 2(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1966.300074
- Hu, E. J. y otros (2022). LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09685
- Hu, V. C., Ferraiolo, D., Kuhn, R., Schnitzer, A., Sandlin, K., Miller, R., & Scarfone, K. (2014). Guide to Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) Definition and Considerations (NIST SP 800-162). NIST. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-162
- Huang, B., Wang, X., Chen, H., Song, Z. y Zhu, W. (2024). VTimeLLM: Empower LLM to Grasp Video Moments. CVPR 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.18445
- Huang, Y., Lv, T., Cui, L., Lu, Y. y Wei, F. (2022). LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Masking. Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 4083-4091. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08387
- Hugging Face. (2026). Chat templates. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/chat_templating
- Hugging Face. (2026). Datasets Documentation. https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/
- Hugging Face. (2026). DeepSeek-V4. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/deepseek_v4
- Hugging Face. (2026). DPO Trainer. https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/dpo_trainer
- Hugging Face. (2026). Evaluate. https://huggingface.co/docs/evaluate/index
- Hugging Face. (2026). GGUF. https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf
- Hugging Face. (2026). Inference Providers. https://huggingface.co/docs/inference-providers/en/index
- Hugging Face. (2026). Model Cards. https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/model-cards
- Hugging Face. (2026). PEFT: LoRA developer guide. https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/developer_guides/lora
- Hugging Face. (2026). Quantization. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/quantization
- Hugging Face. (2026). Safetensors. https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors/en/index
- Hugging Face. (2026). Text Generation Inference. https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference/en/index
- Hugging Face. (2026). Text Generation Inference: HTTP API Reference. https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference/reference/api_reference
- Hugging Face. (2026). Text Generation Inference: Metrics. https://huggingface.co/docs/text-generation-inference/reference/metrics
- Huth, M. y Ryan, M. (2004). Logic in computer science: modelling and reasoning about systems (2.ª ed.). Cambridge University Press.
I
- IBM Research. (2026). AI Fairness 360 documentation. https://aif360.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html
- IETF. (2012). RFC 6716: Definition of the Opus Audio Codec. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6716
- Imbens, G. W. y Rubin, D. B. (2015). Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025751
- Information Commissioner's Office. (2026). Guidance on AI and data protection. https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2018). IEC 60812:2018. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA and FMECA). International Electrotechnical Commission.
- International Organization for Standardization. (2017). ISO/IEC 29134:2017 Information technology, Security techniques, Guidelines for privacy impact assessment. International Organization for Standardization.
- International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 31000:2018. Risk management, Guidelines. International Organization for Standardization.
- International Organization for Standardization. (2023). ISO/IEC 23894:2023. Artificial intelligence: Guidance on risk management. https://www.iso.org/standard/77304.html
- International Organization for Standardization. (2023). ISO/IEC 42001:2023. Artificial intelligence management system. https://www.iso.org/standard/42001
- International Organization for Standardization. (2023). ISO/IEC/IEEE 5338:2023. Artificial intelligence: AI system life cycle processes. https://www.iso.org/standard/81118.html
- InterpretML. (2026). InterpretML documentation. https://interpret.ml/
J
- Jaccard, P. (1901). Étude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 37, 547-579.
- Jackson, P. (1998). Introduction to Expert Systems (3.ª ed.). Addison-Wesley.
- Jacob, B. y otros (2018). Quantization and training of neural networks for efficient integer-arithmetic-only inference. En Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2704-2713). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00286
- Jacovi, A. y Goldberg, Y. (2020). Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness? Proceedings of ACL. https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.386/
- Järvelin, K. y Kekäläinen, J. (2002). Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 20(4), 422-446. https://doi.org/10.1145/582415.582418
- Jégou, H., Douze, M. y Schmid, C. (2011). Product Quantization for Nearest Neighbor Search. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 33(1), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2010.57
- Jennings, N. R., Sycara, K., & Wooldridge, M. (1998). A roadmap of agent research and development. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010090405266
- Jiang, A. Q. y otros (2023). Mistral 7B. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06825
- Jiang, A. Q. y otros (2024). Mixtral of experts. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.04088
- Jiang, N. y Li, L. (2016). Doubly robust off-policy value evaluation for reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning, 48, 652-661. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v48/jiang16.html
- Jimenez, C. E. y otros (2024). SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?. https://proceedings.iclr.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/edac78c3e300629acfe6cbe9ca88fb84-Abstract-Conference.html
- Johari, R., Pekelis, L. y Walsh, D. J. (2017). Peeking at A/B Tests: Why It Matters, and What to Do About It. KDD, 1517-1525. https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3097992
- Johnson, J., Douze, M. y Jégou, H. (2019). Billion-Scale Similarity Search with GPUs. IEEE Transactions on Big Data, 7(3), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBDATA.2019.2921572
- Jones, C., Wilkes, J., Murphy, N. y Smith, C. (2016). Service Level Objectives. En Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/
- Jordan, K. (2024). Muon: an optimizer for hidden layers in neural networks [entrada de blog]. https://kellerjordan.github.io/posts/muon/
- JSON Schema. (2020). JSON Schema Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of JSON. https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation
- Jupyter. (2026). The Notebook file format. https://nbformat.readthedocs.io/en/v5.10.1/
K
- Kadavath, S., Conerly, T., Askell, A., Henighan, T., Drain, D., Perez, E., Schiefer, N., Hatfield-Dodds, Z., DasSarma, N., Tran-Johnson, E., Johnston, S. y otros. (2022). Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.05221
- Kaelbling, L. P., Littman, M. L. y Cassandra, A. R. (1998). Planning and acting in partially observable stochastic domains. Artificial Intelligence, 101(1-2), 99-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00023-X
- Kaplan, J. y otros (2020). Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv:2001.08361. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2001.08361
- Kaplan, S., y Garrick, B. J. (1981). On the Quantitative Definition of Risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1981.tb01350.x
- Kapoor, S. y Narayanan, A. (2023). Leakage and the Reproducibility Crisis in Machine-Learning-Based Science. Patterns, 4(9), 100804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2023.100804
- Karpukhin, V. y otros (2020). Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04906
- Kato. (2026). How LLMs actually work. https://www.0xkato.xyz/how-llms-actually-work/
- Kaufman, S., Rosset, S., Perlich, C. y Stitelman, O. (2012). Leakage in Data Mining: Formulation, Detection, and Avoidance. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 6(4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/2382577.2382579
- Kautz, H. A. y Selman, B. (1992). Planning as satisfiability. En Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 359-363). John Wiley and Sons.
- Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. Wiley.
- Keeney, R. L. y Raiffa, H. (1976). Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs. Wiley.
- Khan, F. (2026). All Agentic Architectures. https://github.com/FareedKhan-dev/all-agentic-architectures.
- Khattab, O., Singhvi, A., Maheshwari, P., Zhang, Z., Santhanam, K., Vardhamanan, S., Haq, S., Sharma, A., Joshi, T. T., Moazam, H., Miller, H., Zaharia, M. y Potts, C. (2023). DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelines. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03714
- Khattab, O. y Zaharia, M. (2020). ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12832
- Kim, B., Wattenberg, M., Gilmer, J., Cai, C., Wexler, J., Viégas, F. y Sayres, R. (2018). Interpretability Beyond Feature Attribution: Quantitative Testing with Concept Activation Vectors. ICML. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.11279
- Kim, C. D., Kim, B., Lee, H. y Kim, G. (2019). AudioCaps: Generating Captions for Audios in the Wild. Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, 119-132. https://aclanthology.org/N19-1011/
- Kim, G. y otros (2022). OCR-Free Document Understanding Transformer. European Conference on Computer Vision, 498-517. https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.15664
- Kimi Team (2025). Kimi K2: open agentic intelligence. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20534
- Kingma, D. P. y Ba, J. (2015). Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. En International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980
- Kingma, D. P. y Welling, M. (2014). Auto-encoding variational Bayes. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114
- Kipf, T. N. y Welling, M. (2017). Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02907
- Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. Wiley.
- Kleinberg, J., Mullainathan, S. y Raghavan, M. (2017). Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05807
- Kleppmann, M. (2017). Designing Data-Intensive Applications. O'Reilly Media.
- Knuth, D. E. y Moore, R. W. (1975). An analysis of alpha-beta pruning. Artificial Intelligence, 6(4), 293-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90019-3
- Kocetkov, D. y otros (2022). The Stack: 3 TB of permissively licensed source code. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15533
- Kocsis, L. y Szepesvári, C. (2006). Bandit based Monte-Carlo planning. En Machine Learning: ECML 2006 (pp. 282-293). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/11871842_29
- Koenecke, A., Choi, A. S. G., Mei, K., Schellmann, H. y Sloane, M. (2024). Careless Whisper: Speech-to-Text Hallucination Harms. ACM FAccT 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658996
- Kohavi, R., Longbotham, R., Sommerfield, D. y Henne, R. M. (2009). Controlled Experiments on the Web: Survey and Practical Guide. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 18(1), 140-181. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/controlled-experiments-on-the-web-survey-practical-guide/
- Kohavi, R., Longbotham, R., Sommerfield, D. y Henne, R. M. (2009). Controlled experiments on the web: Survey and practical guide. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 18(1), 140-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-008-0114-1
- Koller, D. y Friedman, N. (2009). Probabilistic graphical models: principles and techniques. MIT Press.
- Kowalski, R. (1979). Logic for problem solving. North-Holland.
- Krakovna, V., Uesato, J., Mikulik, V., Rahtz, M., Everitt, T., Kumar, R., Kenton, Z., Leike, J., & Legg, S. (2020). Specification Gaming: The Flip Side of AI Ingenuity. Google DeepMind. https://deepmind.google/blog/article/Specification-gaming-the-flip-side-of-AI-ingenuity
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I. y Hinton, G. E. (2012). ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (pp. 1097-1105). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I. y Hinton, G. E. (2012). ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (pp. 1097-1105). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824
- Kubernetes. (2026). Horizontal Pod Autoscaling. https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/autoscaling/horizontal-pod-autoscale/
- Kudo, T. y Richardson, J. (2018). SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing. https://aclanthology.org/D18-2012/
- Kuhn, L., Gal, Y. y Farquhar, S. (2023). Semantic Uncertainty: Linguistic Invariances for Uncertainty Estimation in Natural Language Generation. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.09664
- Kumar, A., Zhou, A., Tucker, G. y Levine, S. (2020). Conservative Q-learning for offline reinforcement learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33, 1179-1191. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04779
- Kusupati, A., Bhatt, G., Rege, A., Wallingford, M., Sinha, A., Ramanujan, V., Howard-Snyder, W., Chen, K., Kakade, S., Jain, P. y Farhadi, A. (2022). Matryoshka representation learning. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35. https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13147
- Kwon, W., Li, Z., Zhuang, S., Sheng, Y., Zheng, L., Yu, C. H., Gonzalez, J. E., Zhang, H. y Stoica, I. (2023). Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.06180
- Kwon, W. y otros (2023). Efficient memory management for large language model serving with PagedAttention. Proceedings of SOSP. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06180
L
- Label Studio. (2026). Video Object Detection Data Labeling Template. https://labelstud.io/templates/video_object_detector
- Lai, T. L. y Robbins, H. (1985). Asymptotically efficient adaptive allocation rules. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 6(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-8858(85)90002-8
- LangChain. (2026). Agent Evals. https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langchain/test/evals
- LangChain. (2026). Build a SQL agent. https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langchain/sql-agent
- LangChain. (2026). Evaluate a RAG application. https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/evaluate-rag-tutorial
- LangChain. (2026). How to define an LLM-as-a-judge evaluator. https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/llm-as-judge
- LangChain. (2026). LangGraph interrupts. https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langgraph/human-in-the-loop
- LangChain. (2026). LangGraph persistence. https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langgraph/persistence.
- LangChain. (2026). LangSmith documentation. https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/home
- LangChain. (2026). LangSmith Evaluation. https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/evaluation
- LangChain. (2026). Retrieval. https://docs.langchain.com/oss/python/langchain/retrieval
- LangChain. (2026). Run an Evaluation with Multimodal Content. https://docs.langchain.com/langsmith/evaluate-with-attachments
- Langfuse. (2026). Documentation. https://langfuse.com/docs
- LaunchDarkly. (2026). Experimentation. https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/experimentation
- LaunchDarkly. (2026). Releasing features with LaunchDarkly. https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/releases/releasing
- LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. y Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
- Lee, D. S. y Lemieux, T. (2010). Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 48(2), 281-355. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.2.281
- Lei, F. y otros (2024). Spider 2.0: Evaluating Language Models on Real-World Enterprise Text-to-SQL Workflows. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07763
- Lei, J., Berg, T. L. y Bansal, M. (2022). Revealing Single Frame Bias for Video-and-Language Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03428
- Leiba, B. (2017). Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. RFC 8174. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174
- Leike, J., Krueger, D., Everitt, T., Martic, M., Maini, V., & Legg, S. (2018). Scalable Agent Alignment via Reward Modeling: A Research Direction. arXiv:1811.07871. https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07871
- Lepikhin, D. y otros (2021). GShard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16668
- Lester, B., Al-Rfou, R. y Constant, N. (2021). The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning. Proceedings of EMNLP, 3045-3059. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.243
- Letta. (2026). Understanding memory management. https://docs.letta.com/concepts/memory-management
- Levenshtein, V. I. (1966). Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions, and Reversals. Soviet Physics Doklady, 10(8), 707-710.
- Leviathan, Y., Kalman, M. y Matias, Y. (2023). Fast inference from Transformers via speculative decoding. Proceedings of ICML. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.17192
- Levine, S., Kumar, A., Tucker, G. y Fu, J. (2020). Offline reinforcement learning: Tutorial, review, and perspectives on open problems. arXiv:2005.01643. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01643
- Lewis, M. y otros (2020). BART: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. Proceedings of ACL, 7871-7880. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.703
- Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., Küttler, H., Lewis, M., Yih, W., Rocktäschel, T., Riedel, S., & Kiela, D. (2020). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33, 9459-9474.
- Lewis, P. y otros (2020). Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33, 9459-9474. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2020/hash/6b493230205f780e1bc26945df7481e5-Abstract.html
- Lewis, P. y otros (2020). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33, 9459-9474.
- Lewis, P. y otros (2020). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11401
- Li, J., Li, D., Savarese, S. y Hoi, S. C. H. (2023). BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models. Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12597
- Li, J. y otros (2023). Can LLM Already Serve as A Database Interface? A BIg Bench for Large-Scale Database Grounded Text-to-SQLs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.03111
- Li, L., Chu, W., Langford, J. y Schapire, R. E. (2010). A contextual-bandit approach to personalized news article recommendation. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, 661-670. https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772758
- Li, X. L. y Liang, P. (2021). Prefix-tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation. Proceedings of ACL, 4582-4597. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.353
- Liang, P. y otros (2022). Holistic Evaluation of Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09110
- Lin, J. y otros (2024). AWQ: Activation-aware weight quantization for LLM compression and acceleration. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00978
- Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The Mythos of Model Interpretability. Communications of the ACM, 61(10), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1145/3233231
- LiteLLM. (2026). Router - Load Balancing. https://docs.litellm.ai/docs/routing
- Little, J. D. C. (1961). A Proof for the Queuing Formula: L = λW. Operations Research, 9(3), 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.9.3.383
- Little, R. J. A. y Rubin, D. B. (2019). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data (3.ª ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119482260
- Liu, H., Li, C., Wu, Q. y Lee, Y. J. (2023). Visual instruction tuning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08485
- Liu, H. y otros (2022). Few-shot parameter-efficient fine-tuning is better and cheaper than in-context learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.05638
- Liu, N. F., Lin, K., Hewitt, J., Paranjape, A., Bevilacqua, M., Petroni, F. y Liang, P. (2024). Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12, 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00638
- Liu, S.-Y. y otros (2024). DoRA: Weight-decomposed low-rank adaptation. International Conference on Machine Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.09353
- Liu, X. y otros (2022). P-Tuning v2: Prompt tuning can be comparable to fine-tuning universally across scales and tasks. Proceedings of ACL. https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.07602
- Liu, X. y otros (2024). AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.03688
- Liu, X. y otros (2024). AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688
- Liu, Y. y otros (2023). G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignment. Proceedings of EMNLP 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.16634
- Liu, Y. y otros (2024). TempCompass: Do Video LLMs Really Understand Videos? Findings of ACL 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.00476
- LlamaIndex. (2026). Agentic strategies. https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework/optimizing/agentic_strategies/agentic_strategies/
- LlamaIndex. (2026). Evaluation modules. https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework/module_guides/evaluating/modules/
- LlamaIndex. (2026). Introduction to RAG. https://docs.llamaindex.ai/en/stable/understanding/rag/
- LlamaIndex. (2026). Memory. https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework/module_guides/deploying/agents/memory/
- LlamaIndex. (2026). Multi-modal applications documentation. https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework/use_cases/multimodal/
- LlamaIndex. (2026). NL SQL table query engine. https://developers.llamaindex.ai/python/framework-api-reference/query_engine/NL_SQL_table/
- Lloyd, J. W. (1987). Foundations of logic programming (2.ª ed.). Springer-Verlag.
- LM Studio. (2026). Configuring the Model. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/typescript/llm-prediction/parameters
- LM Studio. (2026). Get started with LM Studio. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/app/basics
- LM Studio. (2026). LM Studio API. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/developer/rest
- LM Studio. (2026). LM Studio Developer Docs. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/developer
- LM Studio. (2026). lms: LM Studio's CLI. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/cli
- LM Studio. (2026). lms load. https://lmstudio.ai/docs/cli/local-models/load
- Longpre, S. y otros (2023). The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13688
- Loshchilov, I. y Hutter, F. (2019). Decoupled weight decay regularization. En International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.05101
- Luger, G. F. (2008). Artificial intelligence: structures and strategies for complex problem solving (6.ª ed.). Pearson.
- Lundberg, S. M. y Lee, S.-I. (2017). A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/7062-a-unified-approach-to-interpreting-model-predictions
- Lunney, J. y Lueder, S. (2016). Postmortem Culture: Learning from Failure. En Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/postmortem-culture/
- Luong, M.-T., Pham, H. y Manning, C. D. (2015). Effective approaches to attention-based neural machine translation. En Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 1412-1421). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D15-1166
M
- Mackworth, A. K. (1977). Consistency in networks of relations. Artificial Intelligence, 8(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(77)90007-8
- MacQueen, J. (1967). Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. En Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability (Vol. 1, pp. 281-297). https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200512992
- Madaan, A., Tandon, N., Gupta, P., Hallinan, S., Gao, L., Wiegreffe, S., Alon, U., Dziri, N., Prabhumoye, S., Yang, Y., Welleck, S., Majumder, B. P., Gupta, S., Yazdanbakhsh, A. y Clark, P. (2023). Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17651
- Malkov, Y. A. y Yashunin, D. A. (2020). Efficient and Robust Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Using Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs. IEEE TPAMI, 42(4), 824-836. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2018.2889473
- Mamdani, E. H. y Assilian, S. (1975). An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(75)80002-2
- Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P. y Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press. https://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/
- Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P. y Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press.
- MAPIE. (2026). MAPIE: Model Agnostic Prediction Interval Estimator. https://mapie.readthedocs.io/
- Marquez Project. (2026). Marquez. https://github.com/MarquezProject/marquez
- Martin, R. C. (2002). Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and Practices. Prentice Hall.
- Masry, A., Long, D. X., Tan, J. Q., Joty, S. y Hoque, E. (2022). ChartQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering about Charts with Visual and Logical Reasoning. Findings of ACL 2022, 2263-2279. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10244
- Mathew, M., Karatzas, D. y Jawahar, C. V. (2021). DocVQA: A Dataset for VQA on Document Images. 2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2199-2208. https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.00398
- McCarthy, J. (1980). Circumscription—a form of non-monotonic reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 13(1-2), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9
- McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N. y Shannon, C. E. (1956). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence. http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth.html
- McCarthy, J. y Hayes, P. J. (1969). Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. En B. Meltzer y D. Michie (Eds.), Machine Intelligence 4 (pp. 463-502). Edinburgh University Press.
- McCulloch, W. S. y Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5(4), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02478259
- McDermott, D., Ghallab, M., Howe, A., Knoblock, C., Ram, A., Veloso, M., Weld, D. y Wilkins, D. (1998). PDDL: The Planning Domain Definition Language, Version 1.2. Yale Center for Computational Vision and Control. https://www.isi.edu/results/publications/19837/pddl-the-planning-domain-definition-language-version-1-2
- McDermott, D., Ghallab, M., Howe, A., Knoblock, C., Ram, A., Veloso, M., Weld, D. y Wilkins, D. (1998). PDDL: The Planning Domain Definition Language Version 1.2. Technical Report CVC TR-98-003/DCS TR-1165.
- McNemar, Q. (1947). Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika, 12(2), 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02295996
- Mem0. (2026). Platform Overview. https://docs.mem0.ai/platform/overview
- Meng, K., Bau, D., Andonian, A. y Belinkov, Y. (2022). Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPT. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/hash/6f1d43d5a82a37e89b0665b33bf3a182-Abstract-Conference.html
- Merouani, M., Kara Bernou, N. y Baghdadi, R. (2025). Agentic Auto-Scheduling: Guiding a Polyhedral Compiler with a Large Language Model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT 2025).
- Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741
- Meta. (2025). Llama 4 Community License Agreement. https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/LICENSE
- Metropolis, N. y Ulam, S. (1949). The Monte Carlo Method. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44(247), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1949.10483310
- Microsoft. (2024). GraphRAG. https://microsoft.github.io/graphrag/
- Microsoft. (2026). Document processing models - Azure AI Document Intelligence. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/document-intelligence/model-overview?view=doc-intel-4.0.0
- Microsoft. (2026). Evaluating PII Detection with Presidio. https://microsoft.github.io/presidio/evaluation/
- Microsoft. (2026). GraphRAG Query Engine overview. https://microsoft.github.io/graphrag/query/overview/
- Microsoft. (2026). Presidio: Data Protection and De-identification SDK. https://microsoft.github.io/presidio/
- Microsoft. (2026). Presidio Image Redactor. https://microsoft.github.io/presidio/image-redactor/
- Microsoft. (2026). Use Microsoft Purview to manage data security and compliance for Entra-registered AI apps. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/purview/ai-entra-registered
- Microsoft. (2026). Use the Responsible AI dashboard in Azure Machine Learning studio. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/how-to-responsible-ai-dashboard
- Microsoft Azure. (2026). Linux Virtual Machines Pricing. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/linux/
- Microsoft Azure. (2026). Virtual machine sizes overview. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/sizes/overview
- Microsoft Playwright. (2026). Locators. https://playwright.dev/docs/locators
- Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G. y Dean, J. (2013). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv:1301.3781. https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781
- Milvus. (2026). Filtered Search. https://milvus.io/docs/filtered-search.md
- Minton, S., Johnston, M. D., Philips, A. B. y Laird, P. (1992). Minimizing conflicts: a heuristic repair method for constraint satisfaction and scheduling problems. Artificial Intelligence, 58(1-3), 161-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(92)90007-K
- Mistral AI. (2025). Introducing Mistral 3. https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-3/
- Mitchell, M. y otros (2019). Model Cards for Model Reporting. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287596
- MITRE. (2026). MITRE ATLAS: Adversarial Threat Landscape for Artificial-Intelligence Systems. https://atlas.mitre.org/
- MLCommons. (2026). MLPerf Inference: Datacenter benchmark. Consultado el 10 de junio de 2026. https://mlcommons.org/benchmarks/inference-datacenter/
- MLflow. (2026). MLflow Tracking. https://mlflow.org/docs/latest/ml/tracking
- Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D., Rusu, A. A., Veness, J., Bellemare, M. G., Graves, A., Riedmiller, M., Fidjeland, A. K., Ostrovski, G., Petersen, S., Beattie, C., Sadik, A., Antonoglou, I., King, H., Kumaran, D., Wierstra, D., Legg, S. y Hassabis, D. (2015). Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature, 518, 529-533. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14236
- Model Context Protocol. (2026). Security best practices. https://modelcontextprotocol.io/docs/tutorials/security/security_best_practices
- Model Context Protocol. (2026). Specification. https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification
- Montanari, U. (1974). Networks of constraints: Fundamental properties and applications to picture processing. Information Sciences, 7, 95-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0255(74)90008-5
- Muennighoff, N. y otros (2023). MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316
- Murphy, A. H. (1973). A New Vector Partition of the Probability Score. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12(4), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<0595:ANVPOT>2.0.CO;2
N
- Nadeem, M., Bethke, A. y Reddy, S. (2021). StereoSet: Measuring Stereotypical Bias in Pretrained Language Models. ACL-IJCNLP 2021, 5356-5371. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.416
- Naeini, M. P., Cooper, G. F. y Hauskrecht, M. (2015). Obtaining Well Calibrated Probabilities Using Bayesian Binning. AAAI. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/9602
- Nair, V. y Hinton, G. E. (2010). Rectified linear units improve restricted Boltzmann machines. En Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 807-814). https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/absps/reluICML.pdf
- Nakano, R., Hilton, J., Balaji, S., Wu, J., Ouyang, L., Kim, C., Hesse, C., Jain, S., Kosaraju, V., Saunders, W., Jiang, X., Cobbe, K., Eloundou, T., Krueger, G., Button, K., Knight, M., Chess, B., & Schulman, J. (2021). WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback. arXiv:2112.09332. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.09332
- Nangia, N., Vania, C., Bhalerao, R. y Bowman, S. R. (2020). CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Models. EMNLP 2020, 1953-1967. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.154
- Narayanan, A. y Shmatikov, V. (2008). Robust de-anonymization of large sparse datasets. 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2008.33
- National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2020). NIST Privacy Framework. https://www.nist.gov/privacy-framework
- National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2020). NIST Privacy Framework: A Tool for Improving Privacy Through Enterprise Risk Management, Version 1.0. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.CSWP.01162020
- Newell, A., Shaw, J. C. y Simon, H. A. (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program. En Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing (pp. 256-264). UNESCO.
- Newell, A., Shaw, J. C. y Simon, H. A. (1959). Report on a General Problem-Solving Program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, 256-264.
- Niculescu-Mizil, A. y Caruana, R. (2005). Predicting Good Probabilities with Supervised Learning. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning, 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1145/1102351.1102430
- Nie, K., Zhang, Z., Xu, B. y Yuan, T. (2022). Ensure A/B Test Quality at Scale with Automated Randomization Validation and Sample Ratio Mismatch Detection. CIKM. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.07766
- Nielsen, M. (2015). Neural networks and deep learning. http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com
- Nii, H. P. (1986). Blackboard systems: The blackboard model of problem solving and the evolution of blackboard architectures. AI Magazine, 7(2), 38-53.
- Nilsson, N. J. (1986). Probabilistic logic. Artificial Intelligence, 28(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(86)90031-7
- Nilsson, N. J. (1998). Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann.
- NIST. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework. https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework
- NIST. (2026). SCTK / sclite documentation. https://github.com/usnistgov/SCTK/blob/master/doc/sclite.htm
- Northcutt, C. G., Athalye, A. y Mueller, J. (2021). Pervasive Label Errors in Test Sets Destabilize Machine Learning Benchmarks. NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14749
- Northcutt, C. G., Jiang, L. y Chuang, I. L. (2021). Confident Learning: Estimating Uncertainty in Dataset Labels. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 70, 1373-1411. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12125
- Noy, N. F. y McGuinness, D. L. (2001). Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05. https://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101.pdf
- NVIDIA. (2026). DeepStream Documentation. https://docs.nvidia.com/metropolis/deepstream/dev-guide/text/DS_Overview.html
- NVIDIA. (2026). TensorRT-LLM Documentation. https://docs.nvidia.com/tensorrt-llm/
- NVIDIA. (2026). TensorRT-LLM documentation. Consultado el 10 de junio de 2026. https://docs.nvidia.com/tensorrt-llm/index.html
- NVIDIA. (2026). Transformer Engine: Low Precision Training. https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/transformer-engine/user-guide/features/low_precision_training/introduction/introduction.html
- NVIDIA. (2026). Triton Inference Server. https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/triton-inference-server/user-guide/docs/index.html
- Nygard, M. T. (2018). Release It! Design and Deploy Production-Ready Software (2.ª ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf.
O
- O'Brien, P. C. y Fleming, T. R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549-556. https://doi.org/10.2307/2530245
- Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C. y Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations. Science, 366(6464), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342
- Obsidian. (2026). Bases syntax. https://obsidian.md/help/bases/syntax
- Obsidian. (2026). Graph view. https://obsidian.md/help/Plugins/Graph%2Bview
- Ollama. (2026). Context length. https://docs.ollama.com/context-length
- Ollama. (2026). FAQ. https://docs.ollama.com/faq
- Ollama. (2026). Hardware support. https://docs.ollama.com/gpu
- Ollama. (2026). Introduction to the Ollama API. https://docs.ollama.com/api/introduction
- Ollama. (2026). Linux. https://docs.ollama.com/linux
- Ollama. (2026). macOS. https://docs.ollama.com/macos
- Ollama. (2026). Modelfile Reference. https://docs.ollama.com/modelfile
- Ollama. (2026). Ollama Cloud. https://docs.ollama.com/cloud
- Ollama. (2026). OpenAI compatibility. https://docs.ollama.com/api/openai-compatibility
- Ollama. (2026). Quickstart. https://docs.ollama.com/quickstart
- Ollama. (2026). Windows. https://docs.ollama.com/windows
- Ong, I., Almahairi, A., Wu, V., Zhang, W., Lin, T., Zhang, R., Stoica, I., & Gonzalez, J. E. (2024). RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data. https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18665
- Oord, A. van den, Li, Y. y Vinyals, O. (2018). Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding. https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03748
- Open Policy Agent. (2026). Open Policy Agent Documentation. https://www.openpolicyagent.org/docs/latest/
- Open Source Initiative. (2024). The Open Source AI Definition -- 1.0. https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition
- Open Source Initiative. (2026). Open Weights: not quite what you’ve been told. https://opensource.org/ai/open-weights
- Open Source Security Foundation. (2026). Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts (SLSA). https://slsa.dev/
- OpenAI. (2023). GPT-4 technical report. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774
- OpenAI. (2025). Introducing gpt-oss. https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-oss/
- OpenAI. (2026). AGENTS.md. https://github.com/openai/agents.md
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/agents
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Agents. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/agents/.
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Guardrails. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/guardrails/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Handoffs. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/handoffs/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Human-in-the-loop. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/human_in_the_loop/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK JS: Model Context Protocol. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-js/guides/mcp/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK JS: Sessions. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-js/guides/sessions/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK JS: Tools. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-js/guides/tools
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Running agents. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/running_agents/
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Sessions. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/sessions/.
- OpenAI. (2026). Agents SDK: Tracing. https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/tracing/.
- OpenAI. (2026). API reference: debugging requests. https://developers.openai.com/api/reference/overview#debugging-requests
- OpenAI. (2026). Batch API. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/batch
- OpenAI. (2026). Computer use. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/tools-computer-use
- OpenAI. (2026). Cost optimization. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/cost-optimization
- OpenAI. (2026). Counting tokens. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/token-counting
- OpenAI. (2026). Create a model response. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/api-reference/responses/create
- OpenAI. (2026). Create a model response. https://developers.openai.com/api/reference/resources/responses/methods/create
- OpenAI. (2026). Data controls in the OpenAI platform. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/your-data
- OpenAI. (2026). Enterprise privacy. https://openai.com/enterprise-privacy/
- OpenAI. (2026). Error codes. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/error-codes
- OpenAI. (2026). Evals: Framework for Evaluating LLMs and LLM Systems. https://github.com/openai/evals
- OpenAI. (2026). Evaluate agent workflows. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/agent-evals
- OpenAI. (2026). File inputs. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/file-inputs
- OpenAI. (2026). File search. https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search/
- OpenAI. (2026). Flex processing. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/flex-processing
- OpenAI. (2026). Function calling. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/function-calling
- OpenAI. (2026). Graders. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/graders
- OpenAI. (2026). Graders. https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/graders/
- OpenAI. (2026). Images and vision. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/images-vision
- OpenAI. (2026). Latency optimization. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/latency-optimization
- OpenAI. (2026). List models. https://developers.openai.com/api/reference/resources/models/methods/list
- OpenAI. (2026). MCP and Connectors. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/tools-connectors-mcp
- OpenAI. (2026). Models. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/models
- OpenAI. (2026). OpenAI open-weight models (gpt-oss). https://help.openai.com/en/articles/11870455-openai-open-weight-models-gpt-oss
- OpenAI. (2026). OpenAI Status. https://status.openai.com/
- OpenAI. (2026). Pricing. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/pricing
- OpenAI. (2026). Prompt caching. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/prompt-caching
- OpenAI. (2026). Rate limits. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/rate-limits
- OpenAI. (2026). Realtime and audio guide. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/realtime
- OpenAI. (2026). Realtime conversations. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/realtime-conversations
- OpenAI. (2026). Reinforcement fine-tuning. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/reinforcement-fine-tuning
- OpenAI. (2026). Safety best practices. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/safety-best-practices
- OpenAI. (2026). SDKs and CLI. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/libraries
- OpenAI. (2026). Streaming API responses. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/streaming-responses
- OpenAI. (2026). Structured model outputs. https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs
- OpenAI. (2026). Structured model outputs. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/structured-outputs
- OpenAI. (2026). text-embedding-3-large. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/models/text-embedding-3-large
- OpenAI. (2026). Text generation. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/text
- OpenAI. (2026). tiktoken. https://github.com/openai/tiktoken
- OpenAI. (2026). Trace grading. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/trace-grading
- OpenAI. (2026). Using GPT-5.5. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/latest-model
- OpenAI. (2026). Using tools. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/tools
- OpenAI. (2026). Vector embeddings. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/embeddings
- OpenAI. (2026). Vector embeddings. https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings
- OpenAI. (2026). Working with Evals. https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/evals
- OpenAPI Initiative. (2025). OpenAPI Specification. https://spec.openapis.org/oas/latest.html
- OpenCode. (2026). Agents. https://dev.opencode.ai/docs/agents/.
- OpenCode. (2026). Plugins. https://dev.opencode.ai/docs/plugins/.
- OpenCV. (2026). Getting Started with Videos. https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/dd/d43/tutorial_py_video_display.html
- OpenFeature. (2026). Evaluation Context. https://openfeature.dev/specification/sections/evaluation-context/
- OpenFeature. (2026). Introduction. https://openfeature.dev/docs/reference/intro/
- OpenLineage. (2026). OpenLineage Documentation. https://openlineage.io/docs/
- OpenRLHF. (2026). OpenRLHF documentation. https://openrlhf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
- OpenRouter. (2026). Latency and Performance. https://openrouter.ai/docs/guides/best-practices/latency-and-performance
- OpenRouter. (2026). List all models and their properties. https://openrouter.ai/docs/api/api-reference/models/get-models
- OpenRouter. (2026). Prompt Caching. https://openrouter.ai/docs/features/prompt-caching
- OpenRouter. (2026). Provider routing. https://openrouter.ai/docs/guides/routing/provider-selection
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Feature flag semantic conventions. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/registry/attributes/feature-flag/
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Logs. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/signals/logs/
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Metrics. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/signals/metrics/
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Semantic conventions for generative AI systems. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/gen-ai/
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Traces. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/signals/traces/
- OpenTelemetry. (2026). Tracing API. https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/trace/api/
- Optimizely. (2026). Introduction to Optimizely Feature Experimentation. https://docs.developers.optimizely.com/feature-experimentation/docs/introduction
- Optimizely. (2026). Introduction to Optimizely Feature Experimentation. https://docs.developers.optimizely.com/feature-experimentation/docs
- Ouyang, L. y otros (2022). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 27730-27744. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/hash/b1efde53be364a73914f58805a001731-Abstract-Conference.html
- Ouyang, L. y otros (2022). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (pp. 27730-27744). https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155
- OWASP Foundation. (2025). OWASP Top 10 for Large Language Model Applications. https://genai.owasp.org/llm-top-10
- OWASP Foundation. (2025). OWASP Top 10 for LLM and Generative AI Applications 2025. https://genai.owasp.org/
- OWASP Foundation. (2025). OWASP Top 10 for LLM and Generative AI Applications 2025. https://genai.owasp.org/resource/owasp-top-10-for-llm-applications-2025/
P
- Packer, C., Wooders, S., Lin, K., Fang, V., Patil, S. G., Stoica, I., & Gonzalez, J. E. (2024). MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.08560
- Panayotov, V., Chen, G., Povey, D. y Khudanpur, S. (2015). LibriSpeech: An ASR Corpus Based on Public Domain Audio Books. https://www.openslr.org/12
- Pandera. (2026). Pandera Documentation. https://pandera.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
- Park, J. S., O'Brien, J. C., Cai, C. J., Morris, M. R., Liang, P., & Bernstein, M. S. (2023). Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior. Proceedings of UIST 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586183.3606763
- Park, J. S., O'Brien, J. C., Cai, C. J., Morris, M. R., Liang, P. y Bernstein, M. S. (2023). Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03442
- Parrish, A., Chen, A., Nangia, N., Padmakumar, V., Phang, J., Thompson, J., Htut, P. M. y Bowman, S. R. (2022). BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering. Findings of ACL 2022, 2086-2105. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.165
- Patil, S. G., Zhang, T., Wang, X. y Gonzalez, J. E. (2023). Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.15334
- Paulk, M. C., Curtis, B., Chrissis, M. B. y Weber, C. V. (1993). Capability Maturity Model, Version 1.1. IEEE Software, 10(4), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1109/52.219617
- Pearl, J. (1984). Heuristics: intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving. Addison-Wesley.
- Pearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference. Morgan Kaufmann.
- Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2.ª ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Pearl, J., Glymour, M. y Jewell, N. P. (2016). Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer. Wiley.
- Pearl, J. y Mackenzie, D. (2018). The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Basic Books.
- Peebles, W. y Xie, S. (2023). Scalable diffusion models with Transformers. En Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 4195-4205). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV51070.2023.00387
- Pérez, J., Arenas, M. y Gutierrez, C. (2009). Semantics and complexity of SPARQL. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 34(3), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1145/1567274.1567278
- Pinecone. (2026). Hybrid search. https://docs.pinecone.io/docs/hybrid-search-and-sparse-vectors
- Platt, J. C. (1999). Probabilistic Outputs for Support Vector Machines and Comparisons to Regularized Likelihood Methods. En Advances in Large Margin Classifiers. MIT Press.
- Pocock, S. J. (1977). Group Sequential Methods in the Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials. Biometrika, 64(2), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/64.2.191
- Poole, D., Mackworth, A. y Goebel, R. (1998). Computational intelligence: a logical approach. Oxford University Press.
- PostHog. (2026). Creating an Experiment. https://posthog.com/docs/experiments/creating-an-experiment
- Power, D. J. (2002). Decision Support Systems: Concepts and Resources for Managers. Quorum Books.
- Powers, D. M. W. (2011). Evaluation: From Precision, Recall and F-Measure to ROC, Informedness, Markedness and Correlation. Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, 2(1), 37-63.
- Powers, D. M. W. (2011). Evaluation: From Precision, Recall and F-Measure to ROC, Informedness, Markedness and Correlation. Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, 2(1), 37-63. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.16061
- Prefect. (2026). Deployments. https://docs.prefect.io/concepts/deployments
- Prefect. (2026). How to automatically rerun your workflow when it fails. https://docs.prefect.io/v3/how-to-guides/workflows/retries
- Preston-Werner, T. (2026). Semantic Versioning 2.0.0. https://semver.org/
- Prometheus. (2026). Metric and label naming. https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/naming/
- Promptfoo. (2026). Assertions & metrics. https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/configuration/expected-outputs/
- Promptfoo. (2026). Evaluate Coding Agents. https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/guides/evaluate-coding-agents/
- Promptfoo. (2026). Intro. https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/intro/
- Promptfoo. (2026). Multi-Modal Red Teaming. https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/guides/multimodal-red-team/
- Promptfoo. (2026). Security testing quickstart. https://www.promptfoo.dev/docs/red-team/quickstart/
- Pushkarna, M., Zaldivar, A. y Kjartansson, O. (2022). Data Cards: Purposeful and Transparent Dataset Documentation for Responsible AI. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.01075
- Puterman, M. L. (1994). Markov decision processes: discrete stochastic dynamic programming. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316887
- PyAV. (2026). PyAV Documentation. https://pyav.org/docs/stable/
- PyMC. (2026). Bayesian Non-parametric Causal Inference. https://www.pymc.io/projects/examples/en/latest/causal_inference/bayesian_nonparametric_causal.html
- PyTorch. (2026). Offline RL Methods. https://docs.pytorch.org/rl/main/reference/objectives_offline.html
- PyTorch. (2026). TorchRL Documentation. https://docs.pytorch.org/rl/
- PyWhy. (2026). DoWhy documentation. https://www.pywhy.org/dowhy/main/index.html
- PyWhy. (2026). EconML documentation. https://www.pywhy.org/EconML/spec/overview.html
Q
- Qdrant. (2026). Indexing. https://qdrant.tech/documentation/manage-data/indexing/
- Qdrant. (2026). Multimodal and multilingual RAG with LlamaIndex and Qdrant. https://qdrant.tech/documentation/tutorials-build-essentials/multimodal-search/
- Qi, X., Huang, K., Panda, A., Henderson, P., Wang, M. y Mittal, P. (2024). Visual Adversarial Examples Jailbreak Aligned Large Language Models. AAAI 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13213
- Qin, Y. y otros (2023). ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.16789
- Quiñonero-Candela, J., Sugiyama, M., Schwaighofer, A. y Lawrence, N. D. (Eds.). (2009). Dataset Shift in Machine Learning. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262170055/dataset-shift-in-machine-learning/
- Qwen. (2025). Qwen3-Embedding-8B. Hugging Face. https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B
- Qwen Team. (2026). Qwen3.6. https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3.6
R
- Radford, A., Kim, J. W., Xu, T., Brockman, G., McLeavey, C. y Sutskever, I. (2023). Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision. Proceedings of ICML 2023. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/radford23a.html
- Radford, A., Wu, J., Child, R., Luan, D., Amodei, D. y Sutskever, I. (2019). Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf
- Radford, A. y otros (2021). Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning, 8748-8763. https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020
- Radford, A. y otros (2021). Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision. ICML.
- Radford, A. y otros (2023). Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision. ICML.
- Rafailov, R., Sharma, A., Mitchell, E., Ermon, S., Manning, C. D. y Finn, C. (2023). Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18290
- Raffel, C. y otros (2020). Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text Transformer. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 21(140), 1-67. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/v21/20-074.html
- Ragas. (2026). General Purpose Metrics. https://docs.ragas.io/en/stable/concepts/metrics/available_metrics/general_purpose/
- Ragas. (2026). List of available metrics. https://docs.ragas.io/en/stable/concepts/metrics/available_metrics/
- Ragas. (2026). List of available metrics. https://docs.ragas.io/en/latest/concepts/metrics/available_metrics/
- Ragas. (2026). Multi Modal Faithfulness. https://docs.ragas.io/en/stable/concepts/metrics/available_metrics/multi_modal_faithfulness/
- Ragas. (2026). Multi Modal Relevance. https://docs.ragas.io/en/stable/concepts/metrics/available_metrics/multi_modal_relevance/
- Raji, I. D., Smart, A., White, R. N., Mitchell, M., Gebru, T., Hutchinson, B., Smith-Loud, J., Theron, D. y Barnes, P. (2020). Closing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00973
- Raji, I. D. y otros (2020). Closing the AI accountability gap: Defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372873
- Ratner, A., Bach, S. H., Ehrenberg, H., Fries, J., Wu, S. y Ré, C. (2017). Snorkel: Rapid Training Data Creation with Weak Supervision. PVLDB, 11(3), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.14778/3157794.3157797
- Rawles, C. y otros (2024). AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14573
- Ray. (2026). Offline RL API. https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/rllib/package_ref/offline.html
- Ray. (2026). RLlib: Industry-Grade, Scalable Reinforcement Learning. https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/rllib/
- Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. (2018). Libro de estilo de la lengua española según la norma panhispánica. Espasa.
- Régin, J.-C. (1994). A filtering algorithm for constraints of difference in CSPs. En Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-94) (pp. 362-367). AAAI Press.
- Reimers, N. y Gurevych, I. (2019). Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks. Proceedings of EMNLP, 3982-3992. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1410
- Reiter, R. (1980). A logic for default reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 13(1-2), 81-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90014-4
- Ren, S., Yao, L., Li, S., Sun, X. y Hou, L. (2024). TimeChat: A Time-sensitive Multimodal Large Language Model for Long Video Understanding. CVPR 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.02051
- Responsibly. (2026). Responsibly documentation. https://docs.responsibly.ai/
- Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S. y Guestrin, C. (2016). Why Should I Trust You? Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier. KDD, 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939778
- Rich, E., Knight, K. y Nair, S. B. (2009). Artificial intelligence (3.ª ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Robertson, S. y Zaragoza, H. (2009). The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 3(4), 333-389. https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000019
- Robinson, J. A. (1965). A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle. Journal of the ACM, 12(1), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1145/321250.321253
- Romera-Paredes, B., Barekatain, M., Novikov, A., Balog, M., Kumar, M. P., Dupont, E., Ruiz, F. J. R., Ellenberg, J. S., Wang, P., Fawzi, O., Kohli, P. y Fawzi, A. (2024). Mathematical discoveries from program search with large language models. Nature, 625, 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06924-6
- Rose, S., Borchert, O., Mitchell, S. y Connelly, S. (2020). Zero Trust Architecture. NIST SP 800-207. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-207
- Rosenbaum, P. R. y Rubin, D. B. (1983). The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
- Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386-408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519
- Ross, T. J. (2010). Fuzzy logic with engineering applications (3.ª ed.). Wiley.
- Rossi, F., van Beek, P. y Walsh, T. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of constraint programming. Elsevier.
- Rubin, D. B. (1974). Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(5), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037350
- Rudin, C. (2019). Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x
- Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. y Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 323(6088), 533-536. https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0
- Runpod. (2026). Cloud GPU Instances for AI Workloads. https://www.runpod.io/product/cloud-gpus
- Runpod. (2026). Pods pricing. https://docs.runpod.io/pods/pricing
- Rush, A. M. (2018). The Annotated Transformer. https://nlp.seas.harvard.edu/annotated-transformer/
- Russell, S. y Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach (4.ª ed.). Pearson.
- Russell, S. y Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach (4.ª ed.). Pearson. https://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
S
- Sainz, O., Campos, J. A., García-Ferrero, I., Etxaniz, J., de Lacalle, O. L. y Agirre, E. (2023). NLP Evaluation in Trouble: On the Need to Measure LLM Data Contamination for each Benchmark. Findings of ACL: EMNLP 2023. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.722
- Sainz, O. y otros (2023). NLP Evaluation in Trouble: On the Need to Measure LLM Data Contamination for each Benchmark. Findings of EMNLP 2023, 10776-10787. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.18018
- Saito, T. y Rehmsmeier, M. (2015). The precision-recall plot is more informative than the ROC plot when evaluating binary classifiers on imbalanced datasets. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0118432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118432
- Salton, G., Wong, A. y Yang, C. S. (1975). A vector space model for automatic indexing. Communications of the ACM, 18(11), 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1145/361219.361220
- Saltzer, J. H. y Schroeder, M. D. (1975). The protection of information in computer systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 63(9), 1278-1308. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1975.9939
- Sambasivan, N. y otros (2021). “Everyone wants to do the model work, not the data work”: Data cascades in high-stakes AI. Proceedings of CHI 2021, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445518
- Sanh, V., Debut, L., Chaumond, J. y Wolf, T. (2019). DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108
- Sarthi, P. y otros (2024). RAPTOR: Recursive Abstractive Processing for Tree-Organized Retrieval. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.18059
- Schick, T., Dwivedi-Yu, J., Dessì, R., Raileanu, R., Lomeli, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Cancedda, N. y Scialom, T. (2023). Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.04761
- Scholak, T., Schucher, N. y Bahdanau, D. (2021). PICARD: Parsing Incrementally for Constrained Auto-Regressive Decoding from Language Models. Proceedings of EMNLP, 9895-9901. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.779
- Schuhmann, C. y otros (2022). LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.08402
- Schulman, J., Wolski, F., Dhariwal, P., Radford, A., & Klimov, O. (2017). Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06347
- Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. y Jacobson, V. (2003). RFC 3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3550
- Scikit-learn. (2026). Classification metrics. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html#classification-metrics
- Scikit-learn. (2026). confusion_matrix. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix.html
- SCOPE-RL. (2026). SCOPE-RL Documentation. https://scope-rl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/documentation/index.html
- Sculley, D., Holt, G., Golovin, D., Davydov, E., Phillips, T., Ebner, D., Chaudhary, V., Young, M., Crespo, J.-F., & Dennison, D. (2015). Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28.
- Sculley, D. y otros (2015). Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2015/hash/86df7dcfd896fcaf2674f757a2463eba-Abstract.html
- Sculley, D. y otros (2015). Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5656-hidden-technical-debt-in-machine-learning-systems
- Seldon. (2026). Alibi Explain documentation. https://docs.seldon.ai/alibi-explain
- Selvaraju, R. R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., Vedantam, R., Parikh, D. y Batra, D. (2017). Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization. ICCV. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.74
- Sennrich, R., Haddow, B. y Birch, A. (2016). Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. En Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 1715-1725). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1162
- Sennrich, R., Haddow, B. y Birch, A. (2016). Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units. https://aclanthology.org/P16-1162/
- Seno, T. y Imai, M. (2022). d3rlpy: An offline deep reinforcement learning library. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 23(315), 1-20. https://jmlr.org/papers/v23/22-0017.html
- Sentence Transformers. (2026). Semantic Search. https://sbert.net/examples/applications/semantic-search/README.html
- SGLang. (2026). Welcome to SGLang. https://docs.sglang.io/index.html
- Shafer, G. y Vovk, V. (2008). A Tutorial on Conformal Prediction. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 371-421. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/v9/shafer08a.html
- Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
- Shannon, C. E. (1950). Programming a computer for playing chess. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 41(314), 256-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786445008521796
- Shao, Z. y otros (2024). DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03300
- SHAP. (2026). SHAP documentation. https://shap.readthedocs.io/
- Sharma, A. y Kiciman, E. (2020). DoWhy: An End-to-End Library for Causal Inference. https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04216
- Shazeer, N. (2020). GLU variants improve Transformer. https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05202
- Shazeer, N. y otros (2017). Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.06538
- Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. y Xu, L. (2016). Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3(5), 637-646. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198
- Shinn, N., Cassano, F., Labash, A., Gopinath, A., Narasimhan, K. y Yao, S. (2023). Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366
- Shortliffe, E. H. (1976). Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN. Elsevier.
- Shostack, A. (2014). Threat Modeling: Designing for Security. Wiley.
- Siddiqi, N. (2006). Credit Risk Scorecards: Developing and Implementing Intelligent Credit Scoring. Wiley.
- Sigurdsson, G. A. y otros (2016). Hollywood in Homes: Crowdsourcing Data Collection for Activity Understanding. https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.01753
- Silver, D., Singh, S., Precup, D., & Sutton, R. S. (2021). Reward is enough. Artificial Intelligence, 299, 103535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2021.103535
- Simonyan, K. y Zisserman, A. (2014). Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Action Recognition in Videos. https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2199
- Smith, R. G. (1980). The Contract Net Protocol. https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.1980.1675516
- Smock, B., Pesala, R. y Abraham, R. (2022). PubTables-1M: Towards Comprehensive Table Extraction From Unstructured Documents. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 4634-4642. https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00061
- Soda. (2026). What is Soda? https://docs.soda.io/
- Sokolova, M. y Lapalme, G. (2009). A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks. Information Processing & Management, 45(4), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.002
- Souppaya, M., Scarfone, K. y Dodson, D. (2022). Secure Software Development Framework (SSDF) Version 1.1. NIST SP 800-218. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-218
- Spirtes, P., Glymour, C. y Scheines, R. (2000). Causation, Prediction, and Search (2.ª ed.). MIT Press.
- SQLGlot. (2026). Python SQL parser and transpiler. https://sqlglot.com/
- Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I. y Salakhutdinov, R. (2014). Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15(1), 1929-1958. http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/srivastava14a.html
- Statsig. (2026). Experiment Options. https://docs.statsig.com/statsig-warehouse-native/features/experiment-options
- Stiennon, N., Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Ziegler, D. M., Lowe, R., Voss, C., Radford, A., Amodei, D., & Christiano, P. F. (2020). Learning to summarize from human feedback. arXiv:2009.01325. https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01325
- Stribblehill, A. (2016). Managing Incidents. En Site Reliability Engineering. https://sre.google/sre-book/managing-incidents/
- Su, J., Lu, Y., Pan, S., Murtadha, A., Wen, B. y Liu, Y. (2024). RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding. Neurocomputing, 568, 127063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2023.127063
- Sugiyama, M., Krauledat, M., & Müller, K.-R. (2007). Covariate Shift Adaptation by Importance Weighted Cross Validation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 8, 985-1005. https://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/v8/sugiyama07a.html
- Sumers, T. R., Yao, S., Narasimhan, K., & Griffiths, T. L. (2023). Cognitive Architectures for Language Agents. Transactions on Machine Learning Research. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.02427
- Sundararajan, M., Taly, A. y Yan, Q. (2017). Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networks. ICML, 3319-3328. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/sundararajan17a.html
- Sutskever, I., Vinyals, O. y Le, Q. V. (2014). Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27 (pp. 3104-3112). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5346-sequence-to-sequence-learning-with-neural-networks
- Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2nd ed.). MIT Press. http://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book-2nd.html
- Sutton, R. S. y Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: an introduction (2.ª ed.). MIT Press. https://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book-2nd.html
- Sutton, R. S. y Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2.ª ed.). MIT Press.
- Sweeney, L. (2002). k-anonymity: A Model for Protecting Privacy. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 10(5), 557-570. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218488502001648
T
- Tabassi, E. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1
- Tecton. (2026). Construct Training Data. https://docs.tecton.ai/docs/reading-feature-data/reading-feature-data-for-training/constructing-training-data
- TensorFlow. (2026). Fairness Indicators. https://github.com/tensorflow/fairness-indicators
- TensorFlow. (2026). ML Metadata. https://tensorflow.github.io/tfx/guide/mlmd/
- TensorFlow. (2026). TensorFlow Data Validation. https://www.tensorflow.org/tfx/data_validation/get_started/
- TensorFlow. (2026). TensorFlow Data Validation Anomalies Reference. https://www.tensorflow.org/tfx/data_validation/anomalies
- Thakur, N. y otros (2021). BEIR: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08663
- Thomas, P. S. y Brunskill, E. (2016). Data-efficient off-policy policy evaluation for reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning, 48, 2139-2148. https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00923
- Thompson, W. R. (1933). On the likelihood that one unknown probability exceeds another in view of the evidence of two samples. Biometrika, 25(3-4), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332286
- Tong, Z. y otros (2022). VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12602
- Traceloop. (2026). OpenLLMetry documentation. https://www.traceloop.com/docs/openllmetry
- TruLens. (2026). RAG Triad. https://www.trulens.org/getting_started/core_concepts/rag_triad/
- Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40(4), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385
- Turban, E., Sharda, R. y Delen, D. (2011). Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems (9.ª ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433-460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
U
- Unleash. (2026). How to perform a gradual rollout. https://docs.getunleash.io/feature-flag-tutorials/use-cases/gradual-rollout
- Unsloth. (2026). Reinforcement Learning - DPO, ORPO & KTO. https://docs.unsloth.ai/get-started/reinforcement-learning-rl-guide/reinforcement-learning-dpo-orpo-and-kto
V
- Van Rijn, R. (2026). The Anatomy of an LLM. https://www.royvanrijn.com/anatomy-of-an-llm/
- Vanna AI. (2026). Vanna 2.0: Turn Questions into Data Insights. https://github.com/vanna-ai/vanna
- Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, L. y Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762
- Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, Ł. y Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. En Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (pp. 5998-6008). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/7181-attention-is-all-you-need
- Voorhees, E. M. (1999). The TREC-8 Question Answering Track Report. Proceedings of the 8th Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8), 77-82. https://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec8/papers/qa_report.pdf
- Vovk, V., Gammerman, A. y Shafer, G. (2005). Algorithmic Learning in a Random World. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b106715
- Vowpal Wabbit. (2026). Vowpal Wabbit Documentation. https://vowpalwabbit.org/docs/
- Voxel51. (2026). Using FiftyOne Datasets. https://docs.voxel51.com/user_guide/using_datasets.html
- Voyage AI. (2026). Text embeddings. https://docs.voyageai.com/docs/embeddings
W
- W3C. (2012). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview. https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/
- W3C. (2013). SPARQL 1.1 Query Language. https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/
- W3C. (2014). RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax. https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
- W3C. (2014). RDF Schema 1.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
- W3C. (2017). Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL). https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/
- W3C. (2021). Trace Context. https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context/
- W3C. (2021). Trace Context Level 2. https://www.w3.org/TR/trace-context-2/
- W3C. (2026). WebDriver. https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver2/
- W3C WAI. (2026). Providing Accessible Names and Descriptions. https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/practices/names-and-descriptions/
- Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B. y Russell, C. (2017). Counterfactual Explanations without Opening the Black Box: Automated Decisions and the GDPR. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 31, 841-887. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00399
- Wang, B., Shin, R., Liu, X., Polozov, O. y Richardson, M. (2020). RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parsers. Proceedings of ACL, 7567-7578. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.677
- Wang, R. Y. y Strong, D. M. (1996). Beyond Accuracy: What Data Quality Means to Data Consumers. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1996.11518099
- Wang, X. y otros (2023). Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11171
- Watkins, C. J. C. H. y Dayan, P. (1992). Q-learning. Machine Learning, 8(3-4), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992698
- Weaviate. (2026). Hybrid search. https://docs.weaviate.io/weaviate/search/hybrid
- Weaviate. (2026). Multimodal embeddings documentation. https://docs.weaviate.io/weaviate/model-providers/imagebind/embeddings-multimodal
- Wei, J. y otros (2022). Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 24824-24837. https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903
- Weights & Biases. (2026). Experiments Overview. https://docs.wandb.ai/models/track
- Wexler, J., Pushkarna, M., Bolukbasi, T., Wattenberg, M., Viégas, F. y Wilson, J. (2019). The What-If Tool: Interactive Probing of Machine Learning Models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. https://research.google/pubs/the-what-if-tool-interactive-probing-of-machine-learning-models/
- WHATWG. (2026). Server-sent events. https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html
- WhyLabs. (2026). WhyLabs documentation. https://docs.whylabs.ai/docs/
- Wilkinson, J. (2018). Alerting on SLOs. En B. Beyer, N. R. Murphy, D. Rensin, K. Kawahara y S. Thorne (eds.), The Site Reliability Workbook. https://sre.google/workbook/alerting-on-slos/
- Wilson, E. B. (1927). Probable Inference, the Law of Succession, and Statistical Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22(158), 209-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953
- Wolfram, S. (2023). What Is ChatGPT doing... and why does it work? Stephen Wolfram Writings. https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/
- Wooldridge, M., & Jennings, N. R. (1995). Intelligent agents: Theory and practice. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888900008122
- Wu, J., Ouyang, L., Ziegler, D. M., Stiennon, N., Lowe, R., Leike, J., & Christiano, P. (2021). Recursively Summarizing Books with Human Feedback. https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.10862
X
- Xiao, G. y otros (2023). SmoothQuant: Accurate and efficient post-training quantization for large language models. Proceedings of ICML. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10438
- Xie, T. y otros (2024). OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments. https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972
- Xu, J. y otros (2016). MSR-VTT: A Large Video Description Dataset for Bridging Video and Language. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cvpr16_videodataset.pdf
- Xu, Y., Li, M., Cui, L., Huang, S., Wei, F. y Zhou, M. (2020). LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understanding. Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, 1192-1200. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13318
- Xu, Y. y otros (2020). LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understanding. KDD.
Y
- Yan, S.-Q., Gu, J.-C., Zhu, Y. y Ling, Z.-H. (2024). Corrective Retrieval Augmented Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.15884
- Yang, A. y otros (2024). Qwen2.5 technical report. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.15115
- Yang, C., Wang, X., Lu, Y., Liu, H., Le, Q. V., Zhou, D. y Chen, X. (2023). Large Language Models as Optimizers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.03409
- Yao, S., Yu, D., Zhao, J., Shafran, I., Griffiths, T. L., Cao, Y. y Narasimhan, K. (2023). Tree of thoughts: deliberate problem solving with large language models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10601
- Yao, S., Zhao, J., Yu, D., Du, N., Shafran, I., Narasimhan, K. y Cao, Y. (2023). ReAct: synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629
- Yu, H. y otros (2024). Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07437
- Yu, T. y otros (2018). Spider: A Large-Scale Human-Labeled Dataset for Complex and Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing and Text-to-SQL Task. Proceedings of EMNLP, 3911-3921. https://aclanthology.org/D18-1425/
- Yue, X. y otros (2024). MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGI. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16502
Z
- Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
- Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338-353.
- Zeghidour, N., Luebs, A., Omran, A., Skoglund, J. y Tagliasacchi, M. (2021). SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codec. IEEE/ACM TASLP. https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03312
- Zep. (2026). Memory. https://help.getzep.com/v2/memory
- Zhang, B. y Sennrich, R. (2019). Root Mean Square Layer Normalization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07467
- Zhang, C. y otros (2022). ActionFormer: Localizing Moments of Actions with Transformers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.07925
- Zhang, Q. y otros (2023). AdaLoRA: Adaptive budget allocation for parameter-efficient fine-tuning. International Conference on Learning Representations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10512
- Zheng, L. y otros (2023). Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.05685
- Zhou, S. y otros (2023). WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13854